Economia guineense: globalização e integração

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalNo final de século XX e início do século XXI o mundo assiste a uma forte internacionalização das economias e a uma transformação na ordem política, cultural, social e económica a que denominamos " Globalização". A globalização e a integração económica são dois fenómenos interligados, que têm trazido muitas vantagens, mas que implicam, também, custos tanto para os países desenvolvidos como para os países em vias de desenvolvimento. Os custos para os países em desenvolvimento tendem a ser maiores, em relação aos países desenvolvidos, pois eles carecem de recursos humanos, tecnológicos e financeiros. Para muitos países pouco desenvolvidos a globalização veio agravar a situação de degradação acelerada das suas condições de existência, permanência de desemprego elevado e precariedade da protecção e injustiça social. > A Guiné-Bissau, como outro qualquer país pobre, tem enormes dificuldades e instabilidade política e não está devidamente preparada para o fenómeno da globalização. Apesar disso, não pode alhear-se da realidade mundial. Deve é esforçar-se mais no sentido de aproveitar ao máximo as vantagens comparativas que tem em relação a outros países, com o objectivo de aumentar o seu desenvolvimento socio-económico, político, técnico e científico. Com estabilidade política e social e com uma política macroeconómica correcta, que dê incentivos à criação de novas empresas e à promoção de valores, qualificação e valorização dos recursos humanos, é possível à Guiné-Bissau alcançar os seus objectivos e beneficiar com a globalização.In the end of the 20th century and in the beginning of the 21th century the world lives a great reality, a strong Internationalization marked by big world changes in the political, cultural, social and economical orders that has been denominated "Globalization”. Globalization and integration are two phenomena, interlinked through socio-economic. Their process is part of the current internationalization that has brought a lot of advantages and means for the world, although demanding great efforts for developed countries as well as for underdeveloped countries. However this has been much more difficult for underdeveloped countries than for developed countries, because they lack of human, technological and financial resources needed to follow these phenomena. This doesn’t V mean that it is impossible for an underdeveloped country to accompany globalization and world integration and to be a part of it, but that it is a hard and complex process. For many underdeveloped countries, the globalization only carne to worsen the rapid degradation of the conditions of living, resurgence and maintenance of high unemployment, deplorable conditions of work, destruction of the social protection and injustice. Guinea-Bissau as any other country of the world, in spite of her enormous difficulties, and political instability of the last years, was not properly prepared for these two phenomena. Due to her weaknesses (economic, social, cultural and political problems) Guinea-Bissau is not exempt of this world reality. The country must make a more significant effort to adapt to globalization and integration in order to take advantage of them. With political, economic and social stability, and making good use of local resources, Guinea-Bissau can reach these objectives.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Construction and Testing of orfA +/- FIV Reporter Viruses

Single cycle reporter viruses that preserve the majority of the HIV-1 genome, long terminal repeat-promoted transcription and Rev-dependent structural protein expression are useful for investigating the viral life cycle. Reporter viruses that encode the viral proteins in cis in this way have been lacking for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), where the field has used genetically minimized transfer vectors with viral proteins supplied in trans. Here we report construction and use of a panel of single cycle FIV reporter viruses that express fluorescent protein markers. The viruses can be produced to high titer using human cell transfection and can transduce diverse target cells. To illustrate utility, we tested versions that are (+) and (-) for OrfA, an FIV accessory protein required for replication in primary lymphocytes and previously implicated in down-regulation of the primary FIV entry receptor CD134. We observed CD134 down-regulation after infection with or without OrfA, and equivalent virion production as well. These results suggest a role for FIV proteins besides Env or OrfA in CD134 down-regulation

RNA secondary structure of the feline immunodeficiency virus 5′UTR and Gag coding region

The 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) of lentiviral genomic RNA is highly structured, and is the site of multiple RNA–RNA and RNA–protein interactions throughout the viral life cycle. The 5′UTR plays a critical role during transcription, translational regulation, genome dimerization, reverse transcription priming and encapsidation. The 5′UTR structures of human lentiviruses have been extensively studied, yet the respective role and conformation of each domain is still controversial. To gain insight into the structure-function relationship of lentiviral 5′UTRs, we modelled the RNA structure of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a virus that is evolutionarily distant from the primate viruses. Through combined chemical and enzymatic structure probing and a thorough phylogenetic study, we establish a model for the secondary structure of the 5′UTR and Gag coding region. This work highlights properties common to all lentiviruses, like the primer binding site structure and the presence of a stable stem-loop at the 5′ extremity. We find that FIV has also evolved specific features, including a long stem loop overlapping the end of the 5′UTR and the beginning of the coding region. In addition, we observed footprints of Gag protein on each side of the initiation codon, this sheds light on the role of the sequences required for encapsidation