Descendants of Ndori Clan: Lio Ethnic Ende Regency

This article was focused on the Ndori clan through Ndale legendary figures, Sera, Longga Naja, and Mangu Nanga, Bari Kandu, Honggo Miri, Demu Laka, Peba Ranggo, and Trio Nusa (Nusa Dhula, Nusa Bhabhu, and Nusa Polo Nggele). The research was intended to discuss include how the descendants of Ndori-ethnic clan Lio-Ende regency pay attention to the issue. The research purpose can be determined i.e., (a) to discover and describe the descendants of the Ndori clan of Lio ethnic, Ende regency. (b) to strengthen the bonds of brotherhood and friendship between individuals within groups within the Ndori clan of Lio ethnic. results showed that the Ndori clan originated from Java. The other clans from both Java and non-Javanese have joined in and occupied the Ndori land. There is also conflict in the form of hegemony and domination, both externally and internally. This conflict was triggered by the desire of legendary figures to gain wealth, eager to be a leader, and want to control part or all of Ndori land area. The positive and negative values are found in their lives. The positive values that may form of the character for the next generation are religious, humble, peaceful, unifying, and courageous values that lead to the defensive attitude of the State and the character formation of the nation. However, there are still things that need serious attention, namely the attitudes, behavior, and actions of the legendary figures (the base of the division occurrence) that must be criticized or eliminated are murderers, robbers, and rapists, therefore, unlike not to negatively affect the personality of the children learners as the next generation of the nation

On the structure of the set of bifurcation points of periodic solutions for multiparameter Hamiltonian systems

This paper deals with periodic solutions of the Hamilton equation with many parameters. Theorems on global bifurcation of solutions with periods $2\pi/j,$ $j\in\mathbb{N},$ from a stationary point are proved. The Hessian matrix of the Hamiltonian at the stationary point can be singular. However, it is assumed that the local topological degree of the gradient of the Hamiltonian at the stationary point is nonzero. It is shown that (global) bifurcation points of solutions with given periods can be identified with zeros of appropriate continuous functions on the space of parameters. Explicit formulae for such functions are given in the case when the Hessian matrix of the Hamiltonian at the stationary point is block-diagonal. Symmetry breaking results concerning bifurcation of solutions with different minimal periods are obtained. A geometric description of the set of bifurcation points is given. Examples of constructive application of the theorems proved to analytical and numerical investigation and visualization of the set of all bifurcation points in given domain are provided. This paper is based on a part of the author's thesis [W. Radzki, ``Branching points of periodic solutions of autonomous Hamiltonian systems'' (Polish), PhD thesis, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Toru\'{n}, 2005].Comment: 35 pages, 4 figures, PDFLaTe

Effect of Peripheral 5-HT on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Wether Sheep

In mice, peripheral 5-HT induces an increase in the plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin and bile acids, and a decrease in plasma triglyceride, NEFA and cholesterol concentrations. However, given the unique characteristics of the metabolism of ruminants relative to monogastric animals, the physiological role of peripheral 5-HT on glucose and lipid metabolism in sheep remains to be established. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of 5-HT on the circulating concentrations of metabolites and insulin using five 5-HT receptor (5HTR) antagonists in sheep. After fasting for 24 h, sheep were intravenously injected with 5-HT, following which-, plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride and NEFA concentrations were significantly elevated. In contrast, 5-HT did not affect the plasma cholesterol concentration, and it induced a decrease in bile acid concentrations. Increases in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations induced by 5-HT were attenuated by pre-treatment with Methysergide, a 5HTR 1, 2 and 7 antagonist. Additionally, decreased plasma bile acid concentrations induced by 5-HT were blocked by pre-treatment with Ketanserin, a 5HTR 2A antagonist. However, none of the 5HTR antagonists inhibited the increase in plasma triglyceride and NEFA levels induced by 5-HT. On the other hand, mRNA expressions of 5HTR1D and 1E were observed in the liver, pancreas and skeletal muscle. These results suggest that there are a number of differences in the physiological functions of peripheral 5-HT with respect to lipid metabolism between mice and sheep, though its effect on glucose metabolism appears to be similar between these species

Morphological and molecular clues for recording the first appearance of Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) in Egypt

Artemia franciscana is a native species to the New World, and became an exotic species to most parts of the world. The Egyptian hypersaline, continental Qaroun Lake (Fayoum Governorate, Middle of Egypt) is subjected to a gradually increasing salinity rates that approximate or exceed these of seawater. Artemia populations there are known to be parthenogenetic. Yet, these populations started to exhibit abnormal morphologies. Therefore, Qaroun Lake samples of Artemia were subjected to several morphological, biometric, and molecular phylogenetic analyses for accurate species identification and phylogeographic origin approximation. These analyses revealed the existence of the alien sexual species of brine shrimp A. franciscana in Qaroun Lake. The characteristics of the subspherical frontal knob with several spines on the top, ovisac lateral triangular lobe on both sides and its projection together with the biometrics confirmed this species morphotype. DNA barcoding and other molecular analyses based on PCR-based amplification and sequencing of the barcode region of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) exhibited that all the collected samples belong to five haplotypes. Egyptian A. franciscana COI sequences phylogeny and pairwise distances analysis exhibited closer proximity to Latin American strains than to the Northern American ones. A. franciscana presence may be ascribed to the migratory birds present in Qaroun Lake protectorate, since no marine aquaculture activity in Qaroun Lake is known. Therefore, and for the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of the invasive A. franciscana in Egypt

Th2 cytokines, IgE and mast cells play a crucial role in the induction of para-phenylenediamine-induced contact hypersensitivity in mice

We previously reported the establishment of a mouse model system of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) to paraphenylemediamine (PPD). In order to analyse the functional contribution of Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, in PPD induced CHS, STAT6 deficient (STAT6(–/–)) and wild-type control (WT) mice (C57BL/6) were immunized by the topical application of a PPD solution, and then the subsequent skin reactions were examined. Ear swelling was significantly reduced with a delayed peak response in STAT6(–/–) mice as compared with that of WT mice. A histological analysis showed the infiltration of both eosinophils and neutrophils in the skin of STAT6(–/–) mice challenged 24 h previously to significantly decrease in comparison with that in the WT mice. The expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5) by ELISA in the PPD-challenged skin tissue specimens as well as the IgE and IgG1 response after challenge were also profoundly reduced in the STAT6(–/–) mice. The adoptive transfer of the serum obtained from sensitized WT mice for the putative IgE transfer induced a peak response at 3 h and 24 h after challenge. To further investigate the role of mast cells in the induction of PPD-CHS, mast cell deficient W/W(v) mice were sensitized with PPD and then were challenged. Maximal ear swelling was detected from 12 to 24 h and another small peak response was observed at 1 h in+/+mice, whereas only a small peak response at 24 h was detected in W/W(v) mice. These data indicate that not only Th2 cytokines and IgE but also mast cells play an essential role in the induction of PPD-CHS