A Review Paper on Arduino Based Platform Height Adaptation For Train

The objective of the project is to reduce the cost of the maintenance of Indian railway and also lots of man power can be reduced by using this project. In The Indian Railways system it is become more necessary to avoid the accident to prevent such kind of accident this technology is used to avoid major accidents.The main objective of this project is to measure distance between footboard and ground by using Arduino system, when the train arrives at the station, platform acts as an obstacle between footboard and ground.Arduino system will again measure the distance between footboard and platform.Arduino gives command to motor as per the distance calculated then the motors are rotated so that entire compartment is been lowered up to particular level.In this way it becomes convenient for the passengers to step in and step out, and many hazardous accidents can be prevented

Identification of a novel class of nicotinic receptor antagonists - Dimeric conotoxins VxXIIA, VxXIIB, and VxXIIC from Conus vexillum

The venoms of predatory marine snails ( Conus spp.) contain diverse mixtures of peptide toxins with high potency and selectivity for a variety of voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels. Here we describe the chemical and functional characterization of three novel conotoxins, alpha D-VxXIIA, alpha D-VxXIIB, and alpha D-VxXIIC, purified from the venom of Conus vexillum. Each toxin was observed as an similar to 11-kDa protein by LC/MS, size exclusion chromatography, and SDS-PAGE. After reduction, the peptide sequences were determined by Edman degradation chemistry and tandem MS. Combining the sequence data together with LC/MS and NMR data revealed that in solution these toxins are pseudo-homodimers of paired 47-50-residue peptides. The toxin subunitsexhibited a novel arrangement of 10 conserved cystine residues, and additional post-translational modifications contributed heterogeneity to the proteins. Binding assays and two-electrode voltage clamp analyses showed that alpha D-VxXIIA, alpha D-VxXIIB, and alpha D-VxXIIC are potent inhibitors of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with selectivity for alpha 7 and alpha 2 containing neuronal nAChR subtypes. These dimeric conotoxins represent a fifth and highly divergent structural class of conotoxins targeting nAChRs

MgO based specular spin valve with reversible minor loop and higher exchange bias for futuristic linear magnetic field sensor

Specular spin valves (SVs) containing ultrathin MgO, structured as substrate/seed/AF/PL1/MgO/PL2/Cu/FL/MgO/cap, have been fabricated. Both structural and magnetic characterizations of MgO based specular spin valve (SSV) have been performed and compared them with the measured data on naturally oxidized (NO) and conventional spin valves (CSV), grown under optimised condition. Reversible minor loop characteristics, highest exchange bias of 625 G and 10% magnetoresistive (MR) ratio were important observations in MgO based system. Zero hysteresis behavior was confirmed due to the reduction of grain growth of the stacks above the fine-textured MgO layer, through X-ray diffraction measurements. Interestingly, at 10 K, above 100% enhancement in MR ratio was observed in MgO based system with marginal increase in coercivity of the order 1 G. On the other hand, NO based structure has 10% MR, minor loop hysteresis of 2 G and exchange bias of 560 G at room temperature; however at 10 K, only 75% enhancement in MR ratio with large anomalies in magnetic measurements attributes due to the AFM nature of oxide materials. The above studies reflects the superior performance of MgO based SSV over a wide range of temperature in comparison to other SV structures and may lead to futuristic linear magnetic field sensor applications

Evolution of magnetoresistance behaviour at low temperatures in naturally oxidised specular spin valve systems

The temperature dependent magnetoresistive behaviour of field cooled naturally oxidised specular spin valve systems has been studied in the temperature range of 300–10 K. Inconsistent to the non-specular spin valve system, an anomalous behaviour was evolved with large exchange bias and higher coercivity, below 200 K. The structural investigations inferred the formation of magnetic oxides with higher density gradient in the pinned layer, and the observed anomalous behaviour at low temperatures was correlated with the antiferromagnetic ordering of these oxides in spin glass state. The uncompensated interfacial magnetism of the nano-oxide layer was further confirmed by comparing with low temperature magnetoresistive behaviour of non-magnetic oxide based specular spin valve systems

Sources and sinks of CO₂ in the west coast of Bay of Bengal

Observations at high spatial resolution (100×50 km2) in the western continental shelf of Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon, when peak discharge occurs into the Bay through major rivers of the Indian subcontinent, revealed that freshwater discharge exerts dominant control on the inorganic carbon components in surface waters. Lower than present atmospheric pCO2 levels were found in the Northwestern (NW) than Southwestern (SW) coastal Bay of Bengal. The pCO2 levels in the peninsular rivers were an order of magnitude higher (5000–17000 μatm) than that of atmospheric levels and glacial river Ganges (∼500 μatm). The discharge from the peninsular rivers has a stronger influence in the SW region, whereas the Ganges river discharge has a stronger influences in the NW region. Source or sink of CO2 in the shelf region depends on the discharged river characteristics and the East India Coastal Current that distributes discharged water along the coast. Although during northeast monsoon, the situation is briefly reversed and the region acts as a sink, and on annual scale, the western Bay of Bengal acts as a source for atmospheric CO2 than hitherto hypothesised