Filipinas en el recorrido vital y profesional de los magistrados de la Monarquía católica (siglo XVII): pistas para un proyecto de investigación

International audienceEstudiando el grupo de los oidores de la Real audiencia de Filipinas, nombrados desde su creación en 1585 hasta 1700, queremos participar de la historia política y social del dispositivo imperial español a partir de las trayectorias, relaciones sociales y experiencias de estos agentes de justicia y de gobierno de la Corona. De manera particular, proponemos un estudio prosopográfico clásico, planteando un análisis relacional del entorno social de los actores y, simultáneamente un acercamiento a la amplia gama de experiencias y sentimientos que percibieron. Asimismo, la elección de Manila se basa en su ubicación extrema en el conjunto imperial español

Les " limbes " de Gerónimo de Vivar : représentations et appropriation de la nature chilienne pendant la Conquête

International audienceLa chronique du conquistador Gerónimo de Vivar achevée en 1558 est à la fois un récit de la Conquête à la gloire du chef Pedro de Valdivia et une description précise de la nature, des paysages et des populations indigènes. Le poids des représentations et la volonté d'appropriation du territoire par le discours produisent un tableau de la nature chilienne au service des Espagnols. Par ailleurs, le royaume du Chili est progressivement caractérisé, identifié à sa nature et simultanément intégré à l'univers politique et culturel hispanique. Sans parler de créolisme, encore moins de nationalisme, on trouve dans la première chronique chilienne le souci d'inventer un " chez-soi ", y compris par la brutalité contre les Indiens

Expulser les étrangers de la monarchie hispanique : un sujet épineux (1591-1625)

International audienceShortly after the "Discovery of America", the Catholic Kings issued a ban for foreigners to cross the Atlantic and settle in the West Indies. In this composite monarchy, the definition of "naturaleza" was not easy and, for a long time, it was not possible for foreigners to obtain citizenship by integration. In 1591, Felipe II asked the Hispano-American authorities to expel foreigners, while allowing them, at the same time, to stay given the payment of a fee (the "composición"). From 1591 to 1625 several campaigns of expulsion and "composición" were undertaken in the "audiencias". The discourse of the authorities changed from a recognition of foreign qualifications to xenophobia. Foreign control increased around 1615 and deportations were carried out.Peu de temps après la " Découverte de l'Amérique ", les Rois Catholiques prononcent l'interdiction pour les étrangers de traverser l'Atlantique et de s'installer aux Indes occidentales. Dans cette monarchie composite, la définition de la " naturaleza " n'est pas aisée et pendant longtemps les étrangers bénéficient d'une naturalisation par intégration. En 1591, Philippe II demande aux autorités américaines d'expulser les étrangers, il leur permet simultanément de rester contre le paiement d'un droit appelé " composición ". De 1591 à 1625, plusieurs campagnes d'expulsion et de " composición " sont entreprises dans les audiences. Le discours des autorités se durcit passant d'une reconnaissance des qualités des étrangers à des propos xénophobes. Vers 1615, le contrôle des étrangers s'accentue, des expulsions sont exécutées

Las Indias Occidentales en lista: la construcción de la realidad americana por Juan Díez de la Calle, oficial del Consejo de Indias (s. XVII)

International audienceThe analysis of the works of a subordinate agent of the Council of the Indies, Juan Díez de la Calle (1599-1662), clerk of the secretariat of New Spain from 1624 to 1662, sought to determine how, in the court of Madrid and Real Alcázar, the Empire was governed, in a practical and concrete way. Díez de la Calle is the author of several Memoriales o Noticias sacras i reales that were basically lists of civil and ecclesiastical officers in the West Indies, preserved in the Biblioteca Nacional of Madrid with several papers and drafts. If the "usefulness" of such a work is clear with its information in the form of a list, a classical bureaucratic tool, it became a rhetorical device at the time for glorifying the greatness of royal grace of the Rey Planeta, king Philip IV.A partir del análisis de las obras de un agente subalterno del Consejo de Indias, Juan Díez de la Calle (1599-1662), oficial de la secretaría de Nueva España de 1624 a 1662, intentamos determinar cómo, en la corte de Madrid y en el Alcázar Real, se gobernaba el Imperio, de manera práctica y concreta. Díez de la Calle es el autor de varios Memoriales o Noticias sacras i reales, básicamente listas de los agentes civiles y eclesiásticos en las Indias Occidentales, conservados en la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid con varios papeles y borradores. Si la " utilidad " de tal obra aparece claramente con su forma de lista, herramienta burocrática por excelencia, se transforma en proceso retórico en el momento de glorificar la grandeza de la gracia real del Rey planeta, Felipe IV. Palabras claves: Consejo de Indias, Imperio, información administrativa, representación, listas

Carta de don Cristóbal Millán de Poblete a Juan Díez de la Calle, con una relación de los ministros de la catedral de México (20 de mayo de 1647)

International audiencePrésentation et publication d'une lettre de 16467 du chanoine de la cathédrale de Mexico, Cristóbal Millán de Poblete, au commis du secrétariat du Conseil des Indes, Juan Diez de la Calle. Cette lettre comprend une liste du personnel de la cathédrale de Mexico

Los “limbos” de Gerónimo de Vivar: representaciones y apropiaciones de la naturaleza chilena durante la conquista

International audienceLa crónica del conquistador Gerónimo de Vivar acabada en el año 1558 es a la vez una narración de la conquista glorificando el caudillo Pedro de Valdivia y una descripción precisa de la naturaleza, los paisajes y los pueblos indígenas. La importancia de las representaciones y la voluntad de apropiación territorial por parte de los discursos producen un cuadro de la naturaleza chilena al servicio del español. Por otra parte, el reino de Chile se va caracterizando gradualmente, en identificación con la naturaleza y al mismo tiempo integrado al mundo político y cultural hispánico. Sin hablar de criollismo, o tampoco de nacionalismo, encontramos en la primera crónica de Chile la voluntad de inventar un ’chez soi’, incluso utilizando la brutalidad contra los indios

Viability of osteocytes in bone autografts harvested for dental implantology

Bone autograft remains a very useful and popular way for filling bone defects. In maxillofacial surgery or implantology, it is used to increase the volume of the maxilla or mandible before placing dental implants. Because there is a noticeable delay between harvesting the graft and its insertion in the receiver site, we evaluated the morphologic changes at the light and transmission electron microscopy levels. Five patients having an autograft (bone harvested from the chin) were enrolled in the study. A small fragment of the graft was immediately fixed after harvesting and a second one was similarly processed at the end of the grafting period when bone has been stored at room temperature for a 20 min ± 33 s period in saline. A net increase in the number of osteocyte lacunae filled with cellular debris was observed (+41.5%). However no cytologic alteration could be observed in the remaining osteocytes. The viability of these cells is known to contribute to the success of autograft in association with other less well-identified factors

Photoconductivity and Photoemission of Diamond Under Femtosecond Vuv Irradiation

In order to gain some insight on the electronic relaxation mechanisms occuring in diamond under high intensity laser excitation and/or VUV excitation, we studied experimentally the pulsed conductivity induced by femtosecond VUV pulses, as well as the energy spectra of the photoelectrons released by the same irradiation. The source of irradiation consists in highly coherent VUV pulses obtained through high order harmonic generation of a high intensity femtosecond pulse at a 1.55 eV photon energy (titanium-doped sapphire laser). Harmonics H9 to H17 have been used for photoconductivity (PC) and harmonics H13 to H27 for photoemission experiments (PES). As the photon energy is increased, it is expected that the high energy photoelectrons will generate secondary e-h pairs, thus increasing the excitation density and consequently the PC signal. This is not what we observe : the PC signal first increases for H9 to H13, but then saturates and even decreases. Production of low energy secondary e-h pairs should also be observed in the PES spectrum. In fact we observe very few low energy electrons in the PES spectrum obtained with H13 and H15, despite the sufficient energy of the generated free carriers. At the other end (H21 and above), a very intense low energy secondary electron peak is observed. As a help to interprete such data, we realized the first ab initio calculations of the electronic lifetime of quasiparticles, in the GW approximation in a number of dielectrics including diamond. We find that the results are quite close to a simple "Fermi-liquid" estimation using the electronic density of diamond. We propose that a quite efficient mechanism could be the excitation of plasmons by high energy electrons, followed by the relaxation of plasmons into individual e-h pairs

Development of Intensive Small Scale Farfantepenaeus Notialis and Melicertus Kerathurus Native Shrimp Hatchery and Culture in Cameroon

Intensive small scale farming unit of the marine shrimps Farfantepenaeus notialis and Melicertus kerathurus has been developed in Cameroon as a strategy for family aquaculture. The project started in 2008 at Kribi as an initiative from a Bakoko traditional Chief (Salomon Madiba) who organized AQUASOL Company with the scientific and technical support from Concepto Azul. This social project aimed to be also an environmental friendly model of shrimp aquaculture with native species. Wild broodstock was collected and kept under controlled conditions in experimental hatchery. Fertilization and hatching rates were high for the two shrimp species, greater than 90% and 80% respectively. Survival at PL20 stage was higher at 29° C (45 to 60%) than at 26° C (10 to 18%). The highest growth rate was observed at 25 ppt with an average weight about 0.25g for PL60 fed with a commercial feed and about 0.23g for PL60 fed with an artisanal feed based on fish processing wastes (viscera). The F. notialis animals have been successfully grown up to broodstock size (25g) and will be used as F1 broodstock. The next step of the project corresponds to the establishment of pilot unit for a one ton per year production that would be profitable at a family scale.Keywords: Fisheries Economics, Special Topics, Posters and Game Demonstration Session and Receptio