Litter stock in three forest types in cerrado at Distrito Federal

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o estoque mensal e anual de serapilheira e sazonalidade em duas fitofisionomias (Cerrado stricto sensu e Mata de Galeria) e em um povoamento de eucalipto, localizados na Fazenda Água Limpa, DF. O estoque de serapilheira foi coletado mensalmente, pelo período de um ano, com auxílio de um gabarito metálico de 0,25 m2. O material foi separado manualmente nas frações folhas, cascas, galhos, raízes, flores/frutos e material particulado. O estoque de serapilheira na Mata de Galeria (9,36 t ha-1) foi estatisticamente igual ao observado no povoamento de eucalipto (9,12 t ha-1), valores maiores que o verificado no Cerrado Típico (6,08 t ha-1). A fração folha apresentou maior quantidade nas fitofisionomias e no povoamento quando comparada às demais frações. Verificaram-se dois padrões divergentes de sazonalidade do estoque de serapilheira: maior estoque no Cerrado Típico e no povoamento de eucalipto na estação seca e maior estoque na Mata de Galeria na estação chuvosa.The aim of this study was to evaluate the monthly and annual litter stock, and the seasonality in two phytophysiognomies (Cerrado stricto sensu and Gallery Forest) and one eucalyptus plantation, located in Fazenda Água Limpa, DF. The litter stock was monthly collected by using a metal jig of 0.25 m2, during one year. The material was manually sorted into leaves, bark, twigs, roots, flowers/fruits and particulate matter. There were no significant differences in the litter stock between the Gallery Forest (9.36 t ha-1) and the eucalyptus plantation (9.12 t ha-1), which were both higher than the Cerrado stricto sensu (6.08 t ha-1). The leaf fraction presented a larger amount in the three vegetation types when compared to the other fractions. There were two different patterns of litter stock seasonality: higher litter stock in the Cerrado stricto sensu and eucalyptus plantation in the dry season; and higher stock in Gallery Forest in the rainy season

Social and environmental aspects of pequi marketing in Goiás

O pequizeiro fornece frutos tradicionalmente utilizados na culinária goiana e regiões do bioma Cerrado. Partindo da análise da comercialização de pequi na Central de Abastecimento de Goiás S/A (Ceasa - GO) e em feiras locais (Ipameri e Pires do Rio - GO), o presente estudo avalia a importância da espécie e ameaças relacionadas ao extrativismo. Os dados revelaram 12 microrregiões produtoras de pequi no estado, sendo comercializados 5,5 mil toneladas de pequi em 2011, com o preço da caixa variando de 25 a 40 reais. Nas feiras, o preço pago por litro em 2010 foi de cinco reais, com um percentual crescente de interessados na venda desse produto não madeireiro. Chama atenção a variação no preço pago ao pequi e mudanças nas regiões produtoras em Goiás, além da aquisição desse produto de outros estados. Para suprir a demanda crescente de pequi, sugere-se, além do extrativismo responsável, o plantio da espécie no Cerrado, em pomares ou sistemas agroflorestais.The pequizeiro provides fruits traditionally used in cooking Goiás and regions of the Cerrado biome. Based on the pequi marketing analysis in CEASA-GO and local fairs (Ipameri and Pires do Rio, GO), this study assesses the importance of the species and threats related to extraction. The data revealed 12 micro-regions producing pequi in the state, being sold 5500 tons of pequi in 2011, with the box price ranging from 25 to 40 reais. The price paid in the fairs per liter in 2010 was five Brazilian Reais, with an increasing percentage of interested in the sale of non-timber product. The variation in the price paid to the pequi and changes producing regions in Goiás is noteworthy, in addition to the purchase of this product from other states. To meet the growing demand of pequi, it is suggested, besides the responsible extraction, planting the species in the cerrado, in orchards or agroforestry systems

Modeling deforestation in the state of Rondônia

This study applied a deforestation model for the entire State of Rondônia assuming three scenarios of deforestation: business as usual, optimistic and pessimistic. Those scenarios were constructed for the time-period of 2012-2050 using the Dinamica EGO software. Rondônia deforestation dataset was provided by the Agência Ambiental do Estado de Rondônia (Rondônia State Environmental Agency) and was used as input of the deforestation modeling. Based on this study results, we estimated that 32%, 37% and 47% of Rondônia’s native forest could be fully deforested by 2050 assuming the optimistic, business as usual and pessimistic scenarios, respectively. Regardless of the chosen scenario, we expect that deforestation will be spatially concentrated in Northern Rondônia in the next decades. The greatest concern, however, could be the integrity of the protected areas assuming the business as usual and/or pessimistic scenario. In addition, we expect a substantial increase of the forest fragmentation by 2050

Deforestation dynamics in the Nova Bonal sustainable development project, Acre, Brazil

This study assessed the dynamics of the land use and cover changes, deforestation trends and the current status of the Legal Forest Reserves (LFR) and Permanent Protected areas (PPA) in the Nova Bonal Sustainable Development Project (SDP) between 1997-2014. Deforestation datasets and fieldwork were used in this analysis. Our results indicate that there was no trend in the estimated deforestation rate dataset for the SDP, but there was a decreasing trend in deforestation rates within its 10-km buffer zone, most likely due to the scarcity of native forests in that area. The negative environmental area balance of PPA and LFR were observed within the 10-km buffer zone of the SDP. Finally, we conclude that the alternative land and forest uses enforced within the SDP are more effective for environmental conservation than the commonly adopted land uses, especially pastures adopted by conventional colonization located around it

Development and nutrition of African mahogany seedlings in response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization

O mogno-africano é uma espécie com grande potencial econômico para o setor florestal brasileiro, no entanto, carece de informações relacionadas às suas exigências nutricionais, principalmente na fase de muda. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio (N) e fósforo (P) no desenvolvimento inicial e nutrição de mudas de mogno-africano. O experimento foi realizado em vasos com capacidade de 5 dm3. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5×5, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco doses de N e cinco doses de P: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg.dm-3. Aos 120 dias após transplantio, foram analisadas: a altura da planta (H), o diâmetro do coleto (DC), o número de folíolos (NF), a massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), a massa de matéria seca de raiz (MSR), a massa de matéria seca total (MST), os teores de N e P nas folhas (TNF e TPF), no caule (TNC e TPC) e nas raízes (TNR e TPR). A aplicação de 200 mg.dm-3 de P associada à adição de 100 mg.dm-3 de N proporcionaram o máximo crescimento nas mudas de mogno-africano. O N e o P possuem papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da espécie, uma vez que são responsáveis por processos que fomentam as atividades celulares e fotossintéticas proporcionando assim, o crescimento das mudas. Deste modo, os incrementos observados nas mudas de mogno-africano em razão do aumento das doses de N e P evidenciam a importância da adequada nutrição nitrogenada e fosfatada na produção de mudas da espécie.The African mahogany species has great economic potential for the Brazilian forest sector, however it is still not clear its specific nutritional requirements, mainly during the seedling stage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of doses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the initial development and nutrition of African mahogany seedlings. The experiment was performed in pots with capacity of 5 dm3. The experimental design used was the completely randomized design in 5 × 5 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments were consisted by five doses of N, combined with five doses of P: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.dm-3. 120 days after transplanting, the seedlings were collected and then analyzed: the plant height (H), diameter of collect (DC), number of leaves (NF), shoot dry matter (MSPA), root dry matter (MSR), total dry matter (MST), concentration of N and P in leaves (TNF and TPF) stem (TNC and TPC) and root ES (TNR and TPR). The application of 200 mg.dm-3 of P associated with the addition of 100 mg.dm-3 of N provided the most increment in growth of African mahogany seedlings. N and P are nutrients, which play important roles in the plant development, since their functions are related to the processes that regulate cellular and photosynthetic activities, thus providing the seedling growth. The greater African mahogany seedlings development due to increasing doses of N and P emphasizes the importance of N and P supply during seedling productions

Establishment of native seedlings species as an indicator of ecological restoration of riparian forest, Cerrado, DF, Brazil

This study evaluated the survival of seedlings of native species of Cerrado - Brazil and its potential as an indicator of ecological restoration of riparian forests. The factors affecting survival were also analyzed. The experiment consisted of three planting models with three replications (T1 = nucleation: Anderson model; T2 = nucleation: Anderson model + artificial perches; T3 = filling line and diversity line). The influence of factors such as leaf herbivory, stem herbivory, absence of leaves (predation, dehydration or malnutrition) and sprouting/regrowth survival were assessed by cluster analysis. The survival rates ranged from 58.6 to 100% (average 73.6%). Out of eighteen species, fifteen showed survival rate above 60%, and could be potentially used in the restoration of degraded areas. The hierarchical clustering using survival efficiency and biotic factors resulted in the distinction of two groups of species with high frequency of leaves and stem herbivory, differing statistically (test “t”, p < 0.05) in the sprouting and regrowth. The survival efficiency shows potential of being used as a restoration indicator

Crescimento de mudas de espécies nativas na restauração ecológica de matas ripárias

This study evaluates the process of ecological restoration by monitoring the height of seedlings of native species in the Cerrado and the factors that affect their growth in riparian forest restoration. The growth pattern of the species were calculated with the average heights, generating linear regression models tested with ANOVA and compared by the likelihood test. The average of the frequencies of leaf herbivory, stem herbivory and absence of sheets (predation, dehydration and malnutrition) was analyzed by cluster analysis (Ward method) as possible factors that influence the growth. The average growth of 13 species was 50.39 cm.year-1, ranging from 15.5 cm.year-1 to 100.1 cm.year-1. Of the thirteen species, eight had growth above 40 cm.year-1, with potential to recover degraded areas. Five species showed significant differences in the linear equations of growth: Calophyllum brasiliense, Croton urucurana, Inga laurina, Myrsine guianensis and Tibouchina stenocarpa. Possible interactions with growth factors (leaf herbivory, stem herbivory and no leaves) resulted in the formation of two groups of species. Among the factors evaluated, overall, the species of both groups had higher leaf herbivory. The leaf herbivores and the absence of leaves affected the two groups differently, which may indicate susceptibility of different species from herbivores. The evaluation of the factors that interfere with growth after planting seedlings can help in adaptive management of areas in restoration process.Keywords: leaf herbivory, stem herbivory, height, recovery of degraded land, gallery forest.Este trabalho avaliou o processo de restauração ecológica por meio do monitoramento da altura das mudas de espécies nativas do Cerrado e dos fatores que afetam o seu crescimento, em área de mata ripária em processo de restauração. Calculou-se o padrão de crescimento das espécies com a média das alturas, gerando modelos de regressão linear, testados com ANOVA e comparados pelo teste de verossimilhança. Analisou-se a média das frequências da herbivoria foliar e caulinar e da ausência de folhas (predação, desidratação ou desnutrição), por meio da análise de agrupamento (método Ward), como possíveis fatores que influenciam no crescimento. O crescimento médio das 13 espécies foi de 50,39 cm.ano-1, variando de 15,5 cm.ano-1 a 100,1 cm.ano-1. Das treze espécies, oito apresentaram crescimento acima de 40 cm.ano-1, com potencial para recuperação de áreas degradadas. Cinco espécies apresentaram diferenças significativas para as equações lineares de crescimento em altura: Calophyllum brasiliense, Croton urucurana, Inga laurina, Myrsine guianensis e Tibouchina stenocarpa. As possíveis interações do crescimento com os fatores (herbivoria caulinar, herbivoria foliar e ausência de folhas) resultaram na formação de dois grupos de espécies. Dentre os fatores avaliados, no geral, as espécies de ambos os grupos apresentaram maior herbivoria foliar. A herbivoria foliar e a ausência de folhas afetaram diferentemente os dois grupos, o que pode indicar suscetibilidade distinta entre espécies à herbivoria. A avaliação dos fatores que interferem no crescimento de mudas pós-plantio pode auxiliar no manejo adaptativo de áreas em processo de restauração.Palavras-chave: herbivoria foliar e caulinar, altura, recuperação de áreas degradadas, mata galeria

CH4 and N2O fluxes from planted forests and native Cerrado ecosystems in Brazil

Forest soils are N2O sources and commonly act as CH4 sinks. This study evaluated the dynamics of the CH4 and N2O fluxes of soils under Eucalyptus plantations and native Cerrado vegetation, as well as possible interactions between environmental factors and fluxes. The study was carried out in the Distrito Federal, Brazil, during 26 months, in three areas: in two stands of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis, planted in 2011 (E1), and in 2009 (E2) and native Cerrado vegetation (CE). Measurements to determine the fluxes in a closed static chamber were carried out from Oct 2013 to Nov 2015. Soil and climate factors were monitored. During the study period, the mean CH4 fluxes were –22.48, –8.38 and –1.31 μg CH4 m–2 h–1 and the mean N2O fluxes 5.45, 4.85 and 3.85 μg N2O m–2 h–1 from E1, E2 and CE, respectively. Seasonality affected plantations in the studied sites. Cumulative CH4 influxes were calculated (year-1: –1.86 to -0.63 kg ha–1 yr–1; year-2: –1.85 to –1.34 kg ha–1 yr–1). Cumulative N2O fluxes in the three sites were ≤ 0.85 kg ha–1 yr–1. The change in land use from Cerrado to Eucalyptus plantations did not significantly changed regarding greenhouse gases (GHG), compared to the native vegetation. Flux rates of both gases (N2O and CH4) were low. Temporal variations in GHG fluxes and different ages of the stands did not cause significant differences in cumulative annual fluxes

Modeling Deforestation and CO2 Emissions in Tropical Forests (Western South Amazon)

Spatial modeling is a tool to represent deforestation and predict future scenarios according to different landscape change. Establishing 80% Legal Reserve Area (LR) in the Amazon since 90th, the Brazilian forestry code has made clear the biodiversity conservation profile of the largest tropical forest in the world. However, this mechanism did not prevent the advance of deforestation, which in recent years has increased again. This remote tool aims to monitor the deforestation, simulating its possible future trajectories, and thus generate information that can be used to assist in the management of deforestation reduction. The spatial modeling in the prediction of different deforestation scenarios based on public policies and their changes to the state of Acre (north of Brazil). Using the methodological processes of the Dinamica EGO software, three scenarios were projected up to the year 2050: (1) deforestation “Business as usual”, (2) deforestation with 50% LR and (3) deforestation with 80% LR provided by law. Based on these results it was evident that maintaining and respect 80% LR, it’s possible reduce the CO2 emissions more than 76%, avoiding around 119,534,836 t of CO2 and influences positively on reducing deforestation. Dinamica EGO proved to be an effective to represent the deforestation

Carbon stock in the biomass of eucalyptus crops in central-east region of the state of Minas Gerais - Brazil

Os ecossistemas florestais representam alternativa viável para mitigar o aumento da concentração de CO2 na atmosfera, via fixação do carbono (C) pelas árvores e seu armazenamento na biomassa e no solo, mas tais informações são escassas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea, de raízes e da manta orgânica depositada sobre o solo e o estoque de C de árvores em plantações de eucalipto com diferentes idades na região Centro-Leste do Estado de Minas Gerais, abrangendo cinco regiões: Cocais (CO), Rio Doce (RD), Sabinópolis (SA), Santa Bárbara (SB) e Virginópolis (VI). Quanto à produção de matéria seca, a região mais produtiva, aos 84 meses de idade, foi SA, com 32,80 t ha-1 ano-1 de parte aérea e raízes, decrescendo nos anos seguintes até atingir 31,18 t ha-1 ano-1 aos 120 meses de idade. Para essa mesma comparação, nas regiões de RD e SB observaram-se produtividades de 29,92 e 29,70 t ha-1 ano-1 aos 84 meses e 21,09 e 25,21 t ha-1 ano-1 aos 120 meses de idade, respectivamente. Constatou-se que a estabilização da produtividade ocorreu após 96 meses de idade em SA e aos 84 meses para as regiões de RD e SB. No tocante às regiões de CO e VI, a produtividade e o estoque de C médio anuais mantiveram taxas crescentes até 120 meses de idade, indicando que a maior produtividade ocorre em idades mais avançadas. A produtividade e o estoque de C médio dessas plantações foram, respectivamente, de 26,96 t ha-1 ano-1 de biomassa e 13,64 t ha-1 ano-1 de C.Forest ecosystems are a viable possibility to mitigate the increase in concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere by carbon (C) sequestration by the trees and its storage in biomass and in the soil, but such information are scarce. The main objective of this study was to assess production of dry matter of aerial section, roots and litter layer on the soil and C stock of trees in eucalyptus crops in the Central-East region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in five regions: Cocais (CO), Rio Doce (RD), Sabinópolis (SB), Santa Bárbara (SA), and Virginópolis (VI). Regarding dry matter production, the most productive region was SA, with 32.80 t ha-1 yr-1, in trees at 84 months of age and 21.09 and 25.21 t ha-1 yr-1 in trees at 120 months of age, respectively. Stabilization of productivity was after 96 months of age in SA and at 84 months of age for RD and SB. For region CO and VI, productivy and average year C stock maintained increasing rates until 120 months of age, showing that the greatest productivy occurs in advanced ages. Productivity and average C stock of those crops were 26.96 t ha-1 yr-1 of biomass and 13.64 t ha-1 yr-1 C