A Reassesment of Flexible Price Evidence Using Scanner Data: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

In this paper we use a new database of scanner-level prices for the Chilean economy to characterize the microeconomic behavior of prices during a period of high inflation. We are able to characterize the price-setting behavior by supermarket chain. The evidence indicates that there is significant heterogeneity in the pricing behavior of individual retailers. Analyzing the source of shocks, results show that even though chain-specific shocks account for a sizable fraction of the observed variation, common (i.e. countrywide) shocks to individual goods and product categories are the most important factors to explain the behavior of prices. In other words, the pricing strategy of retailers seems less important in developing countries to explain microeconomic price dynamics.

El control político como requisito del Estado constitucional. Evolución histórica

The concept of constitution sends to the study about the political control. The question of the government political control is, actually, the base of any government system. This article searches for the topic since the ancient times to the Entitlement State, passing across the middle age, the modern age and the contemporary age.El concepto de Constitución remite al estudio del Control Político. El problema del control político del Gobierno es la actual piedra angular de cualquier sistema de Gobierno. Este artículo rastrea el tema desde la Antigüedad hasta el Estado de Derecho, pasando por el medioevo, la edad moderna y la edad contemporánea

Dinámica de Precios en Chile: Evidencia con datos de Supermercados

In this paper we use a new weekly database of scanner-level prices for the Chilean economy to characterize the price-setting behavior in the supermarket industry. This period corresponds to an episode of relatively high inflation marked by a boom and a subsequent bust (from July 2007 to July 2009). Results show that prices have an average duration slightly greater than two weeks and that price changes are more frequent in Chilean supermarket than in those of other countries. Besides, changes are smaller in absolute value and price change distributions are roughly symmetric. We also find a positive and robust correlation between the absolute size of price changes and price duration. In addition, an inflation variance decomposition exercise shows that price variability is mainly explained by price change variability. Altogether, this evidence points toward a time-dependent pricing behavior in Chilean supermarkets.

EL DERECHO HUMANO A LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR EN MÉXICO: HACIA LA GRATUIDAD A PARTIR DE ESTÁNDARES UNIVERSALES E INTERAMERICANOS

El derecho humano a la educación superior está contemplado en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (PIDESC). Allí se establece que será accesible de manera progresiva de manera gratuita, tal y como lo interpreta el Consejo Económico y Social del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales de la ONU (1999). El objetivo del presente estudio consiste en explicar y comprender los alcances y desafíos que imponen los estándares internacionales de este derecho humano al Estado mexicano. En tal sentido, en esta investigación se abordarán los retos que impone al Estado la implementación gradual de la educación superior a partir de los criterios de igualdad, dignidad, inclusión, interculturalidad, excelencia educativa, transparencia y autonomía. Al final, se efectúa una propuesta integral desde los compromisos internacionales asumidos por el Estado mexicano frente a la disponibilidad de recursos presupuestales que estipula la ley para hacer efectivo el derecho humano a la educación superior

Digital Outburst: The Expression of a Social Crisis through Online Social Networks

There is a growing concern about the effects that the relationship between the activity of society in the physical world and in the digital world could have. In this study, we address this question in a context of social crisis. Our quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data associated with the critical process suggests a deep and nontrivial relationship between both worlds. Perhaps the most important result refers to the leading role of language, its meaning, and symbolism in the development of social transformation processes linked to the complexity of the social system and its adaptive nature.Fil: Cárdenas, Juan Pablo. No especifíca;Fil: Urbina, Carolina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; ChileFil: Vidal, Gerardo. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; ChileFil: Olivares, Gastón. No especifíca;Fil: Fuentes, Miguel Angel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas. - Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Filosófico. Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas; Argentin

Cinética de liberación de cefalexiana desde un biomaterial compuesto por HAP-200/POVIAC/CaCO3

The main objective of this work is to study the kinetics of cefalexine release from a biomaterial compound developed recently, to show that it can be used as a controlled release system, for extended periods of time. Besides, different mathematical models were adjusted to the release profiles obtained in each formulation, with the purpose of determine the mechanism by which occurs the release of cefalexine from a composite release system. It was shown that the model proposed by Peppas and Sahlin was that the best fit presented, because, takes into account the phenomenon of Fickian diffusion and the phenomena of relaxation for polymeric chains. In all cases the effect burst was discarded, for what can affirm that almost all the medicine is occluded inside the formulations and not on the surface of these. It could be that the cefalexine is released through a phenomenon of Fickian diffusion through the pores or channels formed in the compound delivery system. Moreover, the phenomenon of relaxation for polymeric chains does not show a strong contribution to the release of cefalexine, but its inclusion in the equation, is necessary to obtain an appropriate mathematical adjustment.El objetivo principal de este trabajo es estudiar la cinética de liberación de cefalexina desde un biomaterial compuesto desarrolla- do recientemente, para demostrar que puede ser utilizado como un sistema de liberación controlada, durante periodos de tiempo pro- longados. Además se ajustaron diferentes modelos matemáticos a los perfiles de liberación obtenidos en cada formulación, con el propó- sito de determinar el mecanismo mediante el cual ocurre la libera- ción de cefalexina desde un sistema de liberación compuesto. Se demostró que el modelo propuesto por Peppas y Sahlin fue el que mejor ajuste presentó, ya que tiene en cuenta el fenómeno de difu- sión tipo Fickian y el fenómeno de relajación de las cadenas poliméricas. En todos los casos se descartó el efecto burst, por lo que se puede afirmar que casi todo el medicamento se encuentra ocluido dentro de las formulaciones y no en la superficie de éstas. Se pudo omprobar que la cefalexina es liberada mediante un fenómeno de difusión de tipo Fickian a través de los poros o canales formados en el sistema de liberación compuesto. Además, el fenómeno de relaja- ción de las cadenas poliméricas no presenta una fuerte contribución a la liberación de cefalexina, pero su inclusión en la ecuación permite obtener un adecuado ajuste matemático

Role of suspension feeders in antarctic pelagic-benthic coupling: Trophic ecology and potential carbon sinks under climate change

Sea-ice and coastal glacier loss in the Western Antarctic Peninsula open new ice-free areas. They allowing primary production and providing new seabed for colonisation, both acting as a negative feedback of climate change. However, the injection of sediment-laden runoff from the melting of land-terminating glaciers may reduce this feedback. Changes in particulate matter will affect nutrition and excretion (faeces stoichiometry and properties) of suspension feeders, reshaping coastal carbon dynamics and pelagic-benthic coupling. Absorption efficiency and biodeposition of Euphausia superba and Cnemidocarpa verrucosa were quantified for different food treatments and varying sediment concentrations. Both species showed high overall absorption efficiency for free-sediment diets, but were negatively affected by sediment addition. High sediment conditions increased krill biodeposition, while it decreased in ascidians. Energy balance estimation indicated high carbon sink potential in ascidians, but it is modulated by food characteristics and negatively affected by sediment inputs in the water column.Fil: Alurralde, Roque Gastón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Fuentes, Verónica Lorena. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar; EspañaFil: Maggioni, Tamara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Movilla, Juancho. Instituto Español de Oceanografía; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar; EspañaFil: Olariaga, Alejandro. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar; EspañaFil: Orejas, Covadonga. Instituto Español de Oceanografía; EspañaFil: Schloss, Irene Ruth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; ArgentinaFil: Tatián, Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentin

Diversity of the peruvian andean maize (zea mays L.) race Cabanita: Polyphenols, carotenoids, in vitro antioxidant capacity, and physical characteristics

The high diversity of the Peruvian Andean maize (Zea mays L.) represents a biological and genetic heritage relevant for food security, but few studies are targeted toward its characterization and consequent valorization and preservation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the Peruvian Andean maize race Cabanita with respect to its bioactive profiles (free and bound phenolic and carotenoid composition), physical characteristics, and in vitro antioxidant properties. Maize landraces with variable kernel pigmentation were collected from two provinces (Caylloma and Castilla) within the Arequipa region (among ten Andean sites) and the phytochemical profile was evaluated by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD). All maize samples were important sources of phenolic compounds mainly soluble p-coumaric and ferulic acid derivatives whereas anthocyanins were only detected in maize with partially red pigmented kernels. Major phenolic compounds in the bound phenolic fractions were ferulic acid and its derivatives along with p-coumaric acid. Carotenoid compounds including xanthophylls such as lutein, lutein isomers, and zeaxanthin were only detected in orange and white-yellow pigmented maize and are reported for the first time in Peruvian landraces. The multivariate analysis using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) revealed low variability of all data which may indicate a level of similarity among maize samples based on evaluated variables. However, maize grown in Caylloma province showed more homogeneous physical characteristics and higher yield, whereas higher phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity were observed in maize from Castilla. Samples CAY (yellow-pigmented kernel, Castilla) and COM (orange-pigmented kernel, Caylloma) had the highest total phenolic (246.7 mg/100 g dried weight basis, DW) and carotenoid (1.95 μg/g DW) contents among all samples. The variable Andean environmental conditions along with differences in farming practices may play a role and should be confirmed with further studies. Current results provide the metabolomic basis for future research using integrated omics platforms targeted toward the complete characterization of the ethnic-relevant maize race Cabanita