Probabilistic analysis of the occurrence of incompatibility of the water quality with the legal framework of aquatic systems - case study of Pariquera-Açu River (SP, Brazil)

Embora relativamente comuns no Brasil, programas de monitoramento da qualidade da água frequentemente não transformam os resultados em elementos que norteiem o poder público para a recuperação dos sistemas aquáticos. Assim, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo discutir a utilização das curvas probabilísticas de incompatibilidade da qualidade da água com o enquadramento legal dos corpos de água como ferramenta complementar ao monitoramento. As probabilidades de inconformidade com a resolução CONAMA 357/05 (Classe 2) para o rio Pariquera-Açu (SP) em 2007 foram de 35, 8, 44, 1, 0, 0 e 0%, respectivamente para oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez, fósforo, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrito, nitrato e clorofila-a. Concluiu-se que o grau de condensação de informações gerado pelas curvas probabilísticas representa uma contribuição para a gestão da qualidade de água.Although relatively common in Brazil, water quality monitoring programs usually do not organize the results in a way that they are able to guide local authorities for reclamation of aquatic systems. Therefore, this research aimed to discuss the use of probabilistic curves of water quality incompatibility with Brazilian legal framework of water bodies as a complementary tool for monitoring. The incompatibility probabilities with CONAMA 357/05 (framework for Class 2) for Pariquera-Açu river (São Paulo, Brazil) were 35, 8, 44, 1, 0, 0 and 0%, respectively, for dissolved oxygen, turbidity, phosphorus, nitrogen-ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and chlorophyll-a. We concluded that the condensation level of information achieved by probabilistic curves represents an important contribution for management of quality of the water

CONFLITOS SOCIOAMBIENTAIS NAS ÁREAS DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL DO LITORAL DO PARANÁ

Este trabalho se insere na área do Direito Constitucional em sua interface com o Direito (Sócio)Ambiental e tratará dos conflitos acerca do uso e ocupação do solo na Comunidade de Amparo, área de proteção ambiental situada na Baía de Paranaguá. O objetivo fundamental desta pesquisa é ressaltar o direito constitucional dessa comunidade de pescadores artesanais ao uso da terra e de sobrevivência em seu lugar de origem. A região mencionada, rica em recursos da biodiversidade, apresenta conflitos de ordem socioambiental entre as perspectivas conservacionista, desenvolvimentista e de desenvolvimento local. Tendo em vista o exposto, esta pesquisa focalizará os fatos que seguem: a. o crescente distanciamento do poder público que acarreta o afastamento gradativo das políticas públicas e dos instrumentos oficiais de gestão ambiental; b. a aproximação crescente de grupos de interesse formados por empreendedores de diversas áreas; c. as possibilidades de uma gestão democrática e participativa dos recursos da biodiversidade entre os atores envolvidos no processo. Metodologicamente, o presente artigo foi concebido com base em pesquisa-ação e survey, documentada por questionários e entrevistas que foram aplicadas no vilarejo da Comunidade de Amparo, sendo que os dados que embasam as informações apresentadas neste estudo fazem parte de um projeto de extensão acadêmica, a saber, o Projeto de Amparo ao Pescador (PAP, 2013-2015). Palavras-chave: Direito; Direito Ambiental; Conflitos Sociambientais.&nbsp

In situ Remediation Technologies Associated with Sanitation Improvement: An Opportunity for Water Quality Recovering in Developing Countries

The access to safe water is of great importance to reduce the spread of diseases caused by water-related pathogens and to assure the life quality to the human-beings. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), diarrhea, for example, is responsible for two million deaths every year, mainly among children under the age of five. The environmental effects of some pollutants (e.g. endocrine disruptors, organic compounds) remain unclear and the harmful consequences of the exposure to contaminated water are certainly an important issue for the next decades. Moreover, many research have linked water quality to health problems, such as cancer (Rodrigues et al., 2003; Han et al., 2009), insufficient uptake of nutrients and trace-metals (Lind & Glynn 1999), diabetes, cerebrovascular and kidney disease (Meliker et al., 2007). The costs and benefits of water quality have been the topic of stimulating discussion in the scientific community (Isaac, 1998; Hajkowicz et al., 2008; Saz-Salazar et al., 2009) because water quality decrease implies not only loss of lives, but also economic damages. The costs of the anthropogenic eutrophication reach US$2.2 billion in the United States (Dodds et al., 2009) and US$187.2 million in England and Wales every year (Pretty et al. 2002). The reduction of nutrient loading to the aquatic systems worldwide is the cornerstone of artificial eutrophication control (Smith et al., 1999), with repercussions in other fields like public health and economics. The anthropogenic impacts on the quality of urban water bodies in developing countries are frequently exacerbated by poor levels of sanitation and inadequate water and wastewater management. Pressure from urban areas on the water quality was reported in Argentina (Almeida et al., 2007), Brazil (Jordão et al., 2007), India (Suthar et al., 2010) and Mexico (Bravo-Inclan et al., 2008). Rapid shifts in the land use patterns, unplanned urbanization and inefficient resources allocation are further aggravating environmental problems in such 256 Ecological Water Quality - Water Treatment and Reuse nations. Restrictions to the water uses are increasing as the pollution of rivers and lakes is offering more risks to the human health and to the maintenance of the ecological balance. Within this context, the water resources management plays an important role in the conciliation of the water uses and the long-term sustainability. The in situ remediation of rivers, lakes and reservoirs is a decentralized alternative that may be convenient in some cases in comparison to off-site solutions. The main advantages of the in situ approach are, besides the relative small period of time required to its implementation, the suitability of the in situ facilities to the regions with lack of available areas to build off-site treatment plants (e.g. highly urbanized areas) and the lower expenses with pumping structures. Although it takes more time and requires more investments, the implementation of sanitation infrastructure is also necessary. With the increase of the negative environmental impacts induced by the anthropogenic activities, the remediation of aquatic systems became an alternative to restore the ecological functions of the ecosystems and accelerate their recovery. The first and most important step in a remediation project is to define the remedial action aims to be accomplished at the site, involving the desirable mechanisms of treatment - biological (e.g. phytoremediation), physical and/or chemical (e.g. oxidation, air stripping, ion exchange, precipitation). Most of the current technologies for aquatic systems remediation were adapted from unitary processes used for drinking water production, industrial purposes or wastewater treatment. The flotation, for example, has been used in mining activities to separate the mineral of interest from the gangue since 1893 (Hoover, 1912). The technology was then adapted to treat water and wastewater through dissolved air flotation (e.g. Heinänen et al., 1995). Ultrafiltration membranes in turn have been mainly used for drinking water production (2 million m3 /day worldwide according to Laîné et al., 2000). According to the same authors, the oldest water industry with ultrafiltration plant started to operate in 1988 in France. The membranes are becoming cheaper over the years and the technology is more attractive for remediation of surface waters at the present time

Linkages between Water and Forests in South American Watersheds under Restoration

Water security is threatened by the rapid growth of the human population in areas where there were native forests before coupled with climate change scenarios. One of the main elements which ensures water security is water stored in soil, which is fundamental for maintaining ecohydrological processes at the watershed scale under forest land-use change. In South America, aiming to restore and recover changing catchment areas, best management practices (BMP) have been widely proposed as a strategy for water-forest resource sustainability. Based on forest evapotranspiration demand, this chapter presents fundamental concepts related to soil-water-forest cycles, watershed restoration, and case studies of BMPs in South American watersheds (e.g., Brazilian and Colombian projects for watershed conservation or restoration). It has become clear that there is an opportunity in setting baseline data and quantifying the effectiveness of these BMPs. By using ecohydrological monitoring and suitable indicators of these BMPs in the long term, an integrated understanding of water-forest relationships is needed. Furthermore, the more successful watershed management projects are, the more effective decision-making regarding BMP linking water and forests is

Simplified Rolled Technique at Implantâ Uncovering Surgery for Correcting Horizontal Ridge Defect

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142141/1/cap0140.pd

Integration between cumulative frequency curves for water quantity and quality as a tool for effective water resources management

A garantia dos usos múltiplos da água, dos serviços ambientais e do equilíbrio ecológico depende de uma combinação adequada entre aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos dos rios. A presente pesquisa descreve aplicações de uma nova abordagem das curvas de permanência de vazões, que foram associadas a curvas de frequência acumulada de qualidade da água. Foram compilados dados de fósforo total (2005 a 2009) e vazão média mensal (1959 a 2003) dos rios Paraíba do Sul e Sorocaba para ilustrar o conceito. A integração entre as curvas de quantidade e qualidade se mostrou desejável por oferecer subsídios a concessões de outorga, à cobrança pelo uso da água, ao monitoramento ambiental e ao enquadramento dos cursos de água. Outro aspecto positivo é que essas curvas podem incorporar variações no clima e no uso e ocupação do solo, o que permite o estabelecimento de cenários ambientais

ATIVIDADE PRÁTICA DE ENERGIAS ALTERNATIVAS COMO MEIO FACILITADOR DE ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS PARA ALUNOS DA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS (EJA)

The present work discourses about the use of alternative teaching resources as a facilitating way in the teaching learning process of Sciences in the Education of Youth and Adults (EYA) modality, emphasizing experiments and a playful pedagogic gymkhana, by way of an interacionist method for the building of knowledge and of an analytical being with frequent interactions with objects and the environment. This activity was developed at Magda Ivana Municipal School, for the second segment fundamental EYA students which was very useful, for they learned concepts and practices that helped them to develop playful pedagogic teaching activities, promoting the interaction and collaboration of all.O presente trabalho discorre sobre utilização de recursos didáticos alternativos como meio facilitador no processo de ensino aprendizagem de Ciências na modalidade Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), enfatizando experimentos e uma gincana lúdica pedagógica, por meio de um método interacionista para construção de conhecimento e de um ser crítico com frequentes interações com objetos e o meio. Essa atividade foi realizada na Escola Municipal Magda Ivana, aos alunos do segundo segmento da EJA fundamental o que foi muito proveitoso, pois os mesmos aprenderam conceitos e práticas que os ajudaram a desenvolver atividades lúdicas pedagógicas, promovendo a interação e colaboração de todos

Practical screening tools for sarcopenia in patients with systemic sclerosis

Introduction In view of the method of diagnosing sarcopenia being complex and considered to be difficult to introduce into routine practice, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) recommends the use of the SARC-F questionnaire as a way to introduce assessment and treatment of sarcopenia into clinical practice. Only recently, some studies have turned their attention to the presence of sarcopenia in systemic sclerosis (SSc).There is no data about performance of SARC-F and other screening tests for sarcopenia in this population. Objective To compare the accuracy of SARC-F, SARC-CalF, SARC-F+EBM, and Ishii test as screening tools for sarcopenia in patients with SSc. Methods Cross-sectional study of 94 patients with SSc assessed by clinical and physical evaluation. Sarcopenia was defined according to the revised 2019 EWGSOP diagnostic criteria (EWGSOP2) with assessments of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, handgrip strength, and short physical performance battery (SPPB). As case finding tools, SARC-F, SARC-CalF, SARC-F+EBM and Ishii test were applied, including data on calf circumference, body mass index, limitations in strength, walking ability, rising from a chair, stair climbing, and self reported number of falls in the last year. The screening tests were evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Standard measures of diagnostic accuracy were computed using the EWGSOP2 criteria as the gold standard for diagnosis of sarcopenia. Results Sarcopenia was identified in 15 (15.9%) patients with SSc by the EWGSOP2 criteria. Area under the ROC curve of SARC-F screening for sarcopenia was 0.588 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.420–0.756, p = 0.283). The results of sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (+LR), negative likelihood ratio (-LR) and diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR) with the EWGSOP2 criteria as the gold standard were 40.0% (95% CI, 19.8–64.2), 81.0% (95% CI, 71.0–88.1), 2.11 (95% CI, 0.98–4.55), 0.74 (95% CI, 0.48–1.13) and 2.84 (95% CI, 0.88–9.22), respectively. SARC-CalF and SARC-F+EBM showed better sensitivity (53.3%, 95% CI 30.1–75.2 and 60.0%, 95% CI 35.7–80.2, respectively) and specificity (84.8%, 95% CI 75.3–91.1 and 86.1%, 95% CI 76.8–92.0, respectively) compared with SARC-F. The best sensitivity was obtained with the Ishii test (86.7%, 95% CI 62.1–96.3), at the expense of a small loss of specificity (73.4%, 95% CI 62.7–81.9). Comparing the ROC curves, SARC-F performed worse than SARC-CalF, SARC-F+EBM and Ishii test as a sarcopenia screening tool in this population (AUCs 0.588 vs. 0.718, 0.832, and 0.862, respectively). Direct comparisons between tests revealed differences only between SARC-F and Ishii test for sensitivity (p = 0.013) and AUC (p = 0.031). Conclusion SARC-CalF, SARC-F+EBM, and Ishii test performed better than SARC-F alone as screening tools for sarcopenia in patients with SSc. Considering diagnostic accuracy and feasibility aspects, SARC-F+EBM seems to be the most suitable screening tool to be adopted in routine care of patients with SSc

Além do vírus: os efeitos do isolamento social na saúde mental

This article is a reflection study on the effect of social isolation on the mental health of Brazilians, with the main objective of reflecting on the psychosocial damages of isolation in the light of Emerson Merhy's theory of "live work in action". Three categories of analysis were established, history, the COVID-19 pandemic and live work in action, which demonstrate other pandemics throughout history and their proven effects, characterization of the social framework experienced by the Brazilian population during the pandemic and its effects on the mental health of individuals and description of “live work in action” and its relationship with the direction of health and the context of the pandemic. It was concluded that the need to institute severe measures of prevention and social isolation, in order to protect the physical health of individuals, generated psychosocial damage in Brazilian society, mainly anxiety and depression, since it caused drastic changes in lifestyle. , financial losses, feeling of fear and uncertainty.O presente artigo trata de um estudo de reflexão sobre o efeito do isolamento social na saúde mental dos brasileiros, tendo como objetivo principal refletir sobre os danos psicossociais do isolamento à luz da teoria do “trabalho vivo em ato” de Emerson Merhy. Estabeleceu-se três categorias de análises, histórico, a pandemia de COVID-19 e trabalho vivo em ato, tais quais demonstram outras pandemias ao longo da história e seus efeitos comprovados, caracterização do quadro social vivido pela população brasileira durante a pandemia e seus efeitos na saúde mental dos indivíduos e descrição do “trabalho vivo em ato” e sua relação com os rumos da saúde e com o contexto da pandemia. Concluiu-se que a necessidade de instituir medidas severas de prevenção e isolamento social, com o intuito de proteger a saúde física dos indivíduos, gerou na sociedade brasileira danos psicossociais, principalmente de ansiedade e depressão, posto que ocasionou em mudanças drásticas no estilo de vida, perdas financeiras, sentimento de medo e incerteza