More Change Than You Think: Tracking Oregon Farmers’ Markets and Their Managers 1998-2005

Marketing,

Why do doctored images distort memory?

Doctored images can cause people to believe in and remember experiences that never occurred, yet the underlying mechanism(s) responsible are not well understood. How does compelling false evidence distort autobiographical memory? Subjects were filmed observing and copying a Research Assistant performing simple actions, then they returned 2 days later for a memory test. Before taking the test, subjects viewed video-clips of simple actions, including actions that they neither observed nor performed earlier. We varied the format of the video-clips between-subjects to tap into the source-monitoring mechanisms responsible for the ‘doctored-evidence effect.’ The distribution of belief and memory distortions across conditions suggests that at least two mechanisms are involved: doctored images create an illusion of familiarity, and also enhance the perceived credibility of false suggestions. These findings offer insight into how external evidence influences source-monitoring

Tools for rapid market assessments

Most farmers’ markets lack information to make effective changes and improvements. We have designed three simple, low-cost methods to address the information gaps. The first two—attendance counts and dot surveys—are quantitative and can be used independently by markets. The third method is the more complete Rapid Market Assessment (RMA), which combines the two quantitative methods and a qualitative method called Constructive Comments and Observations (CCO). An RMA is a collaborative learning process in which a team of market managers and others study a host market in another area. The learning is twoway: both the host market and the visiting RMA team members gain knowledge and experience. The RMA team members— through new collaborative relationships with their peers—learn the data-gathering methods and how to examine their own markets more analytically. All three methods make efficient use of time and money, which are generally in short supply

Closing the gap between ecosystem management and ecosystem research

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45450/1/11077_2004_Article_162710.pd

HLA class I-redirected anti-tumour CD4+T-cells require a higher TCR binding affinity for optimal activity than CD8+T-cells

CD4+ T helper cells are a valuable component of the immune response towards cancer. Unfortunately, natural tumour-specific CD4+ T-cells occur in low frequency, express relatively low affinity T-cell receptors (TCRs) and show poor reactivity towards cognate antigen. In addition, the lack of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II expression on most cancers dictates that these cells are often unable to respond to tumour cells directly. These deficiencies can be overcome by transducing primary CD4+ T-cells with tumour-specific HLA class I-restricted TCRs prior to adoptive transfer. The lack of help from the coreceptor CD8 glycoprotein in CD4+ cells might result in these cells requiring a different optimal TCR binding affinity. Here we compared primary CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing wildtype and a range of affinity-enhanced TCRs specific for the HLA A*0201-restricted NY-ESO-1- and gp100 tumour antigens. Our major findings are: (i) redirected primary CD4+ T-cells expressing TCRs of sufficiently high affinity exhibit a wide range of effector functions, including cytotoxicity, in response to cognate peptide; and, (ii) optimal TCR binding affinity is higher in CD4+ T-cells than CD8+ T-cells. These results indicate that the CD4+ T-cell component of current adoptive therapies using TCRs optimised for CD8+ T-cells is below par and that there is room for substantial improvement. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Understanding the link between farmer's market size and management organization

"Farmers' markets are valuable market channels for small farmers and important venues for the economic, nutritional, and social lives of communities. Efforts to make farmers' markets sustainable should focus on two influences on markets: external (related to public policy) and internal (related to market management). Well-crafted public policy is needed to enhance the prosperity and longevity of farmers' markets. At the same time, improving the management of farmers' markets by identifying and resolving their internal issues is another way to improve market sustainability. This report addresses the latter. This report examines the relationship between the size of individual farmers' markets and the set of management tools used by farmers' markets. The analysis reveals farmers' markets will benefit from using the specific set of management tools and resources appropriate for the size of the market. A market must also recognize that it must plan ahead and put in place the appropriate management tools and resources that will allow it to handle the increasing management complexity that accompanies growth. Overall, understanding the link between management structures and market size will enhance the success of individual farmers' markets and save some from serious problems."--P. 1

When things don't work : some insights into why farmers' markets close

"The topic of market failure is rarely addressed in the literature. This report represents a starting point. It describes the dynamics of farmers' market startups, closures, and manager turnover. It focuses on two important resources--administrative revenue and labor--used by farmers' markets. Data for a sample of markets that failed are examined, along with factors associated with market failure. Finally, recommendations to enhance market success are offered."--P. 1

Creating memories for false autobiographical events in childhood: a systematic review

Using a framework that distinguishes autobiographical belief, recollective experience, and confidence in memory, we review three major paradigms used to suggest false childhood events to adults: imagination inflation, false feedback and memory implantation. Imagination inflation and false feedback studies increase the belief that a suggested event occurred by a small amount such that events are still thought unlikely to have happened. In memory implantation studies, some recollective experience for the suggested events is induced on average in 47% of participants, but only in 15% are these experiences likely to be rated as full memories. We conclude that susceptibility to false memories of childhood events appears more limited than has been suggested. The data emphasise the complex judgements involved in distinguishing real from imaginary recollections and caution against accepting investigator-based ratings as necessarily corresponding to participants' self-reports. Recommendations are made for presenting the results of these studies in courtroom settings