REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA DEL IMPACTO DE LA FRAGMENTACIÓN Y LA URBANIZACIÓN SOBRE LAS COMUNIDADES DE INSECTOS.

Habitat fragmentation and urbanization are having a dramatic impact on insect communities. The fast expansion of urban areas and the intensification of agriculture has caused the loss and splitting of natural habitats, which results in ecosystem fragmentation, this process is generating significant consequences to insects. The research reviewed show that habitat fragmentation and urbanization are associated with decline in both diversity and abundance of insect communities. These works   highlight that habitat fragmentation and urbanization influence the behavior, insect populations dynamics, migrations patterns, morphometric changes, dispersion, and reproduction of insects, which could have long term consequences in the composition and structure of insect communities.La fragmentación del hábitat y la urbanización están teniendo un impacto dramático en las comunidades de insectos. La rápida expansión de las áreas urbanas y la intensificación de la agricultura han llevado a la pérdida y división de los hábitats naturales, lo que resulta en la fragmentación de los ecosistemas, este proceso está generando consecuencias significativas para los insectos. Los estudios revisados demuestran que la fragmentación del hábitat y la urbanización están asociadas con una disminución tanto en la diversidad como en la abundancia de las comunidades de insectos. Estos destacan que la fragmentación del hábitat y la urbanización influyen en el comportamiento, la dinámica de las poblaciones de insectos, los patrones de migración, cambios morfométricos, dispersión y reproducción de los insectos, lo que podría tener consecuencias a largo plazo en la composición y estructura de las comunidades de insectos

DISTRIBUCIÓN EN PANAMÁ DE Actinopus robustus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892) (ARANEAE -ACTINOPODIDAE): MÁS ALLÁ DE LA LOCALIDAD TIPO

An actualization of the known distribution of Actinopus robustus (O. Pickard-Cabridge, 1892) within Panama is reported for first time using museum samples stored at the G. B. Fairchild Invertebrate Museum of the Universidad de Panamá. A total of five new localities is reported, together with the possible location at La Palma, in the province of Darien.Se reporta la distribución actualizada de Actinopus robustus (O. Pickard-Cabridge, 1892) dentro de Panamá por primera vez, utilizando muestras de museo almacenadas en la colección del Museo de Invertebrados G. B. Fairchild de la Universidad de Panamá. Un total de cinco nuevas localidades son reportadas, junto la posible localidad en La Palma, provincia de Darién.&nbsp

An Analysis of Volatile components of the Liverworts Dumortiera hirsuta subsp. hirsuta and Dumortiera hirsuta subsp. nepalensis (Dumortieraceae) from Panama and Taxonomic Observations on the Species

We report for the first time the chemical composition of volatile components (VOCs) of two subspecies, D. hirsuta subsp. hirsuta and D. hirsuta subsp. nepalensis, of the liverwort Dumortiera hirsuta from Panama by using headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in order to assess distinguishing markers between the two species. Forty VOCs were identified in total for both subspecies. Of these, 34 are reported for the first time in D. hirsuta. Furthermore, both subspecies showed clear differences in the type and amount of VOCs. The major compounds in D. hirsuta subsp. hirsuta were α-gurjunene, β-selinene, α-guaiene, α-humulene and β-caryophyllene; while in D. hirsuta subsp. nepalensis were ledene, α-gurjunene, β-caryophyllene and α-guaiene, respectively. Two oxygenated sesquiterpenes, globulol and nerolidol, could be considered as possible distinguishing chemical markers between these two subspecies. We conclude that both morphotypes of D. hirsuta are chemically different

Engliš Tax Reform and Current Adjustment of Direct Taxes

Import 04/11/2015Tato diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou reformy přímých daní provedené v roce 1927 a jejím vlivem na současnou daňovou úpravu v České republice. Cílem této práce je zhodnocení úspěšnosti daňové reformy v roce 1927, analýza současné a prvorepublikové daňové soustavy, určení pozůstatků Englišových daňových předpisů v dnešním ekonomickém a právním řádu a následné zhodnocení uvedených daňových úprav. Závěrečné kapitoly nabízejí výsledky a shrnutí komparace a následné posouzení jednotlivých systémů na základě konkrétních případů znázorňující dopady přímých daní na příjem obyvatelstva, včetně vlastního názoru autorky. K dosažení uvedených cílů poslouží metoda analýzy dostupných zdrojů a právních předpisů souvisejících se zadaným tématem a následná komparace zjištěných informací, která má vést k určení shod a rozdílů v uvedených soustavách.This thesis deals with the issue of direct tax reform carried out in 1927 and its impact on current tax regulations in Czech Republic. The aim of this work is the evaluation of effectiveness of tax reform in 1927, analysis of both the First Republic and current tax system, determining the remains Engliš tax laws in today's economic and legal order and finally the consecutive evaluation of those tax changes. The final chapters provide a summary of the results of the comparison and subsequent assessment of each individual system on the basis of specific cases illustrating the impact of direct taxes on income of population, including a personal opinion of the author. To achieve these objectives serves the method of analysis of available resources and legislation related to the given topic and following comparison of collected information, which should lead to the identification of similarities and differences in these systems.119 - Katedra právavýborn

Oviposición de Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) (Diptera: Tephritidae) sobre frutos de Spondias purpurea L. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae)

El complejo del género Anastrepha spp. está formado por especies de importancia económica que infestan una amplia variedad de frutas en la región tropical y subtropical. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir el comportamiento y ciclo biológico asociado al ataque de Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) sobre la especie Spondias purpurea L. Se realizaron observaciones biológicas en Alto de la Arena, corregimiento de Veladero, distrito de Tolé, provincia de Chiriquí, Panamá, donde se recolectaron un total de 12 frutos de Spondias purpurea L., se llevaron al laboratorio y se anotaron los datos del ciclo biológico y de comportamiento diariamente. Se determinó que el ciclo biológico de Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) tiene duración aproximada de 30 a 32 días en el laboratorio; el estado inmaduro de pupa es el estadio que presentó mayor mortalidad, posiblemente debido a las condiciones ambientales del laboratorio, que podrían estar influyendo en el inicio de este estadio de forma prematura o tardía. Se considera que el momento oportuno para tomar medidas de control sobre esta plaga en los diferentes cultivos frutales es durante la salida de las larvas los frutos, cuando son más vulnerables para el ataque de enemigos naturales o controles biológicos

Chemical profiling of volatile components of the gametophyte and sporophyte stages of the hornwort leiosporoceros dussii (Leiosporocerotaceae) from Panama by HSSPME-GC-MS

We report for the first time the chemical profiling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of gametophyte and sporophyte life stages of Leiosporoceros dussii, from Panama by using headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in order to assess distinguishing chemical markers between the male and female gametophytes, and sporophytes of this hornwort. A total of 27 VOCs were identified in L. dussii. Furthermore, the gametophyte and sporophyte showed clear differences in the type and amount of VOCs. The main constituents of L. dussii female thalli were menthacamphor (17.8%), hexanol (12.3%), and menthyl acetate (12.3%), while the major compounds of the male thalli were hexanol (25.3%), β-ionone (21.1%), benzeneacetaldehyde (17.6%), and β-cyclocitral (14.0%). The main VOCs of the sporophytes were hexanal (19.3%), β-cyclocitral (17.6%), 2-nonenal (15.8%), hexanol (12.5%), and β-ionone (10.2%). Unique compounds found in the female thalli were 3-pentanone, 3-octenol, nonanol, estragole, and menthyl acetate, and in the male thalli were methyl heptenone, nonanal, neoisomenthol, and bornyl acetate. Isomenthol, thymol, isomenthol acetate, and β-methylnaphthalene were only found in the sporophyte. The characteristic VOCs identified in L. dussii suggest a difference between the chemical constituents of L. dussii and other hornworts species. The presence of simple VOCs when compared with compounds previously characterized in another hornwort genera may support the distinct genetic nature of this species

Vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders: a multicentre study

This study investigated whether vitamin D is associated with the presence or severity of chronic tic disorders and their psychiatric comorbidities. This cross-sectional study compared serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] (ng/ml) levels among three groups: children and adolescents (3-16 years) with CTD (n = 327); first-degree relatives (3-10 years) of individuals with CTD who were assessed for a period of up to 7 years for possible onset of tics and developed tics within this period (n = 31); and first-degree relatives who did not develop tics and were ≥ 10 years old at their last assessment (n = 93). The relationship between 25(OH)D and the presence and severity of tics, as well as comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), were analysed controlling for age, sex, season, centre, latitude, family relatedness, and comorbidities. When comparing the CTD cohort to the unaffected cohort, the observed result was contrary to the one expected: a 10 ng/ml increase in 25(OH)D was associated with higher odds of having CTD (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.27-3.42, p < 0.01). There was no association between 25(OH)D and tic severity. However, a 10 ng/ml increase in 25(OH)D was associated with lower odds of having comorbid ADHD within the CTD cohort (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.84, p = 0.01) and was inversely associated with ADHD symptom severity (β = - 2.52, 95% CI - 4.16-0.88, p < 0.01). In conclusion, lower vitamin D levels were not associated with a higher presence or severity of tics but were associated with the presence and severity of comorbid ADHD in children and adolescents with CTD

Lack of Association of Group A Streptococcal Infections and Onset of Tics: European Multicenter Tics in Children Study

Background and objectives: The goal of this work was to investigate the association between group A streptococcal (GAS) infections and tic incidence among unaffected children with a family history of chronic tic disorders (CTDs). Methods: In a prospective cohort study, children with no history for tics who were 3 to 10 years of age with a first-degree relative with a CTD were recruited from the European Multicentre Tics in Children Study (EMTICS) across 16 European centers. Presence of GAS infection was assessed with throat swabs, serum anti-streptolysin O titers, and anti-DNAse titers blinded to clinical status. GAS exposure was defined with 4 different definitions based on these parameters. Cox regression analyses with time-varying GAS exposure were conducted to examine the association of onset of tics and GAS exposure during follow-up. Sensitivity analyses were conducted with Cox regression and logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 259 children were recruited; 1 child was found to have tic onset before study entry and therefore was excluded. Sixty-one children (23.6%) developed tics over an average follow-up period of 1 (SD 0.7) year. There was a strong association of sex and onset of tics, with girls having an ≈60% lower risk of developing tics compared to boys (hazard ratio [HR] 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2-0.7). However, there was no statistical evidence to suggest an association of any of the 4 GAS exposure definitions with tic onset (GAS exposure definition 1: HR 0.310, 95% CI 0.037-2.590; definition 2: HR 0.561, 95% CI 0.219-1.436; definition 3: HR 0.853, 95% CI 0.466-1.561; definition 4: HR 0.725, 95% CI 0.384-1.370). Discussion: These results do not suggest an association between GAS exposure and development of tics. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class I evidence that group A streptococcal exposure does not associate with the development of tics in children with first-degree relatives with chronic tic disorder

Clinical precursors of tics: an EMTICS study

Background: Children with Tourette syndrome (TS) often have comorbid disorders, particularly attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). While subtle premorbid symptoms have been described in various psychiatric disorders, the presence of clinical precursors that may exist before the onset of tics is unknown. This longitudinal study aimed to find clinical precursors of tics by assessing a range of clinical characteristics prior to tic onset in comparison with children without onset of tics. Methods: A sample of 187 3- to 10-year-old first-degree unaffected relatives of children with TS were followed up to 7 years in the European Multicentre Tics in Children Study (EMTICS). We investigated whether clinical characteristics assessed at baseline predicted tic onset, comparing 126 children without tic onset to 61 children who developed tics. We used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method, a penalised logistic regression approach. We also explored sex differences and repeated our analyses in an age- and sex-matched subsample. Results: Children with tic onset were more frequently male (b = 0.36), had higher baseline severity of conduct problems (b = 0.23), autism spectrum disorder symptoms (ASD; b = 0.08), compulsions (b = 0.02) and emotional problems (b = 0.03) compared to children without tic onset. Conduct and ASD problems were male-specific predictors, whereas severity of compulsions and oppositional (b = 0.39) and emotional problems were female-specific predictors. Conclusion: This study supports the presence of clinical precursors prior to tic onset and highlights the need of sex-specific monitoring of children at risk of developing tics. This may aid in the earlier detection of tics, particularly in females. We moreover found that tics most often persisted one year after tic onset, in contrast to the common belief that tics are mostly transient