Childcare arrangements in Canada

Abstract : This study examines the longitudinal contribution of four different childcare arrangements attended during the preschool years to social behaviors and academic achievement up to age 15 years. Children participating in a Canadian longitudinal survey with available information on childcare attendance between ages 3 to 5 years (N= 6,852) were measured on multiple social behaviors (hyperactivity/inattention, depression/anxiety, disruptive behaviors) and academic outcomes (mathematic skills, academic achievement) across both childhood and adolescence. We conducted a propensity score matching analysis to control the selection bias for childcare attendance and performed generalized estimating equation models for panel data among matched groups. Our results showed no clear social or academic long-term advantage for Canadian children of attending any childcare arrangement in comparison to children being exclusively cared for by their parents. In contrast, children attending daycare centres had higher levels of hyperactivity/inattention until the age of 15 years. Children also had lower mathematic skills if attending daycare centres or informal childcare at preschool age, but this effect dissipated from childhood to adolescence. Interestingly, children from low-income families had higher levels of depression/anxiety if being cared for at home by someone other than their parents or relatives. This finding supports the dual-risk hypothesis suggesting that children from already impoverished families and attending informal childcare in their own home are at greater risk for internalizing difficulties

Classroom placement and twins' behaviors

Abstract : Classroom placement of twins is an ongoing issue for educational policy. Many educational jurisdictions have standard policy most commonly founded in the belief that separation supports individual identity, personal development and academic opportunity. This study examined the effects of classroom placement in a sample of 560 twin pairs whose behaviors were assessed from ages 5 to 12 years. We found no detrimental effect of classroom sharing on twins’ social development. In contrast, this study provides evidence that educating twins together is associated with modest positive twins’ behaviors and social functioning at school. Implications for educational policies are further discussed

Développement et déterminants précoces de la connaissance des nombres et des habiletés mathématiques à l'enfance

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2016-2017La connaissance des nombres, un précurseur des habiletés mathématiques, est essentielle à la maitrise de concepts fondamentaux en début de scolarisation. On sait toutefois peu de choses des mécanismes qui sous-tendent la connaissance des nombres, des facteurs qui influencent son développement et de sa contribution à long terme au développement des mathématiques. Dans le cadre de cette thèse doctorale, des trajectoires de développement de la connaissance des nombres ont été établies entre l’âge de 4 et 7 ans auprès de 1597 enfants. Quatre trajectoires ont été identifiées, dont l’une est constituée d’enfants (10%) qui se caractérisent par une connaissance des nombres constamment inférieure aux autres. Ces enfants ont été comparés aux autres sur leurs compétences en mathématiques à 8 et 10 ans, et ont également été évalués sur différents aspects de leur environnement familial et sur leurs habiletés cognitives à 41 mois. Les résultats montrent que les enfants avec une faible connaissance des nombres à l’âge préscolaire demeurent avec un rendement en mathématiques inférieur à celui des autres enfants et ce, jusqu’à la fin de l’école primaire. Ces enfants se caractérisent d’ailleurs par un revenu familial moindre, une faible scolarité du père, et des habiletés visuospatiales, une capacité de rétention et un développement cognitif général inférieurs à ceux des autres enfants. De plus, des modélisations génétiques effectuées à 5, 7, et 10-12 ans montrent que l’environnement commun aux jumeaux (p.ex., l’éducation familiale) explique principalement les variations individuelles de la connaissance des nombres à l’enfance alors qu’en vieillissant, ces variations s’expliquent davantage par les facteurs génétiques et spécifiques à l’environnement de chaque individu. Ces résultats sont similaires pour les garçons et les filles. Les résultats montrent également que la variance génétique est associée à la stabilité de la connaissance des nombres et à son association prédictive au rendement en mathématiques. Ces facteurs génétiques expliquent aussi des changements qui sont spécifiques au rendement en mathématiques, ce qui suggère l’apport de nouveaux gènes au rendement en mathématiques à la fin de l’école primaire. Les facteurs de l’environnement, commun et unique à chacun des jumeaux, contribuent tous deux à la stabilité de l’association entre la connaissance des nombres et le rendement en mathématiques, sans apport additionnel significatif de ces facteurs après la période préscolaire. Ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse révèlent que la période préscolaire s’avère la plus propice pour intervenir auprès d’enfants afin de prévenir les difficultés en mathématiques.Number knowledge and skills (NKS), the conceptual and procedural understanding of whole numbers, predicts later scholastic achievement. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the NKS, its antecedents in early childhood, and its predictive validity to later math achievement. Children’s NKS was assessed four times at regular intervals between the ages 4 and 7 years in a large, representative population-based sample. Developmental trajectories of NKS were established for 1597 children. Four different groups of preschoolers were identified. About 10% of the children belonged to a trajectory of constantly and significantly lower performance compared with the other trajectories. These children were compared with others on their mathematics achievement at ages 8 and 10, and were also evaluated with respect to several features of their family environment at 5, 18 and 30 months, as well as their cognitive skills at age 41 months. The results showed significant differences between the trajectories of NKS with respect to later math achievement in elementary school, with the low trajectory-group remaining low throughout these years. The onset and developmental course of low NKS were associated with low household income and father educational background, low children’s early cognitive development, and more specifically, weak visual-spatial skills and memory span. Children with low cognitive abilities and poor living condition are at risk of low NKS profile from late preschool to school entry, and therefore, deserve special attention to alleviate later mathematic difficulties. Moreover, genetic multivariate analysis at ages 5, 7, and 10-12 years showed that shared environmental factors between twins of the same family (e.g. sharing the same home environment) mainly explained individual variations in preschool NKS, with increased heritability with time – genetic factors play the dominant role in later math achievement, suggesting different mechanisms in math-related tasks over the years. However, these mechanisms were similar for boys and girls. Genetic factors accounted for continuity from preschool NKS to late primary math achievement, but also explained specific variations in mathematics achievement, which suggest activation of new genes relevant to mathematics in late primary school years. The shared and non-shared environmental factors involved in preschool NKS were carried over to mathematics achievement, with no additional age-specific effect after the preschool period. Altogether, the results of this thesis highlight the preschool age as an optimum window for prevention and intervention of math difficulties. Given this, screening for early NKS and math difficulties should be afforded before school entry in order to provide additional support as soon as difficulties emerge in this area

Childcare enrollment and higher education

Abstract : This study examined the associations between childcare attendance among 550 children from 24 to 36 months of age and their enrollment in higher education in young adulthood. We conducted a propensity score matching analysis to control the selection bias for childcare attendance and estimated the average treatment effect for the treated on the odds of enrollment in higher education. Children who attended informal childcare (i.e., with a relative or nanny) were more likely to pursue higher education in young adulthood relative to children in formal childcare (i.e., center-based or licensed home-based childcare). However, heterogeneity in our sample revealed that attending formal childcare increased the probability of enrollment in higher education for children from low-income and non-employed families. This study suggests that attending informal childcare in Canada in 1994–1995 benefited all children over 20 years later, whereas attending formal childcare appears to be protective for children from more disadvantaged families

Temperament and externalizing problems

Abstract : This study examines how maternal adverse parenting (hostility, neglect, low warmth) and psychological distress explain the associations between child temperament factors and externalizing problems. It also examines if these associations differ according to the child’s biological sex. The sample consists of 339 school-age children receiving in-school services for conduct problems. Data were collected through questionnaires completed by mothers at 3 time points, at one-year intervals. Results from path analyses revealed that maternal psychological distress partly explained the associations between each child temperamental factors (negative affectivity, surgency/extraversion, effortful control) and levels of externalizing problems. Specifically, the indirect effect of psychological distress on child negative affectivity and externalizing problems was only significant for boys, not girls. Maternal hostility, on the other hand, mediated the association between child surgency/extraversion and externalizing problems in both boys and girls. Interestingly, neglectful parenting and maternal warmth did not explain the association between child temperamental factors and externalizing problems. The findings suggest small but significant temperament child-driven effects on maternal psychological distress and hostility, in turn, translating into higher levels of externalizing problems. These findings support the relevance of temperament-based interventions for children with conduct problems and of increased mental health support for their mothers. By aiding mothers in developing a larger repertoire of parenting strategies, mothers may be better equipped to respond appropriately to their child with various temperamental characteristics, hence, reducing their psychological distress and hostile behaviors and limiting the development of externalizing problems

Early childhood trajectories of separation anxiety : bearing on mental health, academic achievement, and physical health from mid‐childhood to preadolescence

1 Background Separation anxiety disorder is the most prevalent childhood anxiety condition, but no study assessed children for separation anxiety at preschool age and followed them longitudinally and directly until mid‐childhood/early adolescence. 2 Methods Multi‐informant (children, teachers, family), multipoint (at age 8, 10, 12, 13) assessments of 1,290 children of the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, who had been categorized between age 1.5 and 6 into four specific separation anxiety trajectories (1, low‐persistent; 2, low‐increasing; 3, high‐decreasing, and the less common: 4, high‐increasing) by growth mixture modeling. Participants in the high‐increasing trajectory were compared to participants in the other three trajectories for: (a) child's internalizing and externalizing problem behavior; (b) physical health; (c) academic achievement; (d) maternal anxiety. 3 Results Multivariate analyses of variance/covariance at separate time points showed the high‐increasing trajectory mostly associated with: (a) higher internalizing, but not externalizing, behavior; (b) worse academic achievement (most consistently by comparisons to the normative low‐persistent trajectory; (c) higher rates of maternal panic/agoraphobic anxiety; (d) worse physical health (most consistently by comparisons to the low‐persistent trajectory). The high‐increasing trajectory had twofold to threefold higher incidences of physical illnesses than the normative low‐persistent group; this was specific for headaches at age 12 years, chronic asthma at age 10 and 13, and having received asthma‐related medication during the past 12 months. 4 Conclusions High‐increasing separation anxiety in preschool maintains longitudinal relationships to independent health and academic outcomes, at least until preadolescence. This knowledge can inform the deployment of clinical resources at the earlier signs of the more impairing manifestations

Distinct trajectories of separation anxiety in the preschool years: persistence at school entry and early-life associated factors

Background: Little is known about how children differ in the onset and evolution of separation anxiety (SA) symptoms during the preschool years, and how SA develops into separation anxiety disorder. In a large, representative population-based sample, we investigated the developmental trajectories of SA symptoms from infancy to school entry, their early associated risk factors, and their associations with teachers’ ratings of SA in kindergarten. Methods: Longitudinal assessment of SA trajectories and risk factors in a cohort of 1933 families between the ages of 1.5 and 6 years. Results: Analyses revealed a best-fitting, 4-trajectory solution, including a prevailing, unaffected Low-Persistent group (60.2%), and 3 smaller groups of distinct developmental course: a High-Increasing (6.9%), a High-Decreasing (10.8%) and a Low-Increasing group (22.1%). The High-Increasing group remained high throughout the preschool years and was the only trajectory linked to teacher-assessed SA in kindergarten. Except for the High-Increasing, all trajectories showed substantial reduction of symptom profile by age 6. The High-Increasing and High-Decreasing groups shared several early risk factors, but the former was uniquely associated with higher maternal depression, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and parental unemployment. Conclusions: Most children with high SA profile at age 1.5 years are expected to progressively recover by age 4-5. High SA at age 1.5 that persists over time deserves special attention, and may predict separation anxiety disorder. A host of child perinatal, parental, and family contextual risk factors were associated with the onset and developmental course of SA across the preschool years

Persistent genetic and family-wide environmental contributions to early number knowledge and later achievement in mathematics

This study investigated the stable and transient genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in number knowledge in the transition from preschool (age 5) to Grade 1 (age 7) and to the predictive association between early number knowledge and later math achievement (age 10–12). We conducted genetic simplex modeling across these three time points. Genetic variance was transmitted from preschool number knowledge to late-elementary math achievement; in addition, significant genetic innovation (i.e., new influence) occurred at ages 10 through 12 years. The shared and nonshared environmental contributions decreased during the transition from preschool to school entry, but shared and nonshared environment contributed to the continuity across time from preschool number knowledge to subsequent number knowledge and math achievement. There was no new environmental contribution at time points subsequent to preschool. Results are discussed in light of their practical implications for children who have difficulties with mathematics, as well as for preventive intervention

Unraveling the effects of maternal breastfeeding duration and exclusive breast milk on children’s cognitive abilities in early childhood

BackgroundThis study investigated the putative associations between mothers’ use of exclusive breast milk and the duration of breastfeeding with child cognitive development.MethodsThis study is based on 2,210 Canadian families with children assessed longitudinally from age 4 to 7 years on their memory-span and math skills. These cognitive abilities were measured with standardized tasks. Breastfeeding practices were collected via maternal reports. We applied propensity scores to control the social selection bias for breastfeeding.ResultsResults adjusted for propensity scores and sample weight revealed no significant differences between non-breastfed children with those being non-exclusively breastfed for 5 months or less, and with children being exclusively breastfed for 9.2 months on average, on their early math skills and memory-span. We found that children who were non-exclusively breastfed for 6.8 months on average had a slightly higher levels of memory-span at age 4 than children who were never breastfed, and this small but significant difference lasted up to age 7.ConclusionOur findings suggest no significant differences between children being exclusively breastfed and those fed with formula on their early math skills and memory-span. The encouragement of breastfeeding to promote child cognitive school readiness may, in some case (non-exclusive breastfeeding for more than 5 months), show a small but long-lasting advantage in early memory-span

Twin classroom dilemma: To study together or separately?

There is little research to date on the academic implications of teaching twins in the same or different classroom.Consequently, it is not clear whether twin classroom separation is associated with positive or negative educational outcomes. As a result, parents and teachers have insufficient evidence to make a well-informed decision when twins start school. This study addresses two research questions: Are there average positive or negative effects of classroom separation? Are twins taught in different classes more different from each other than twins taught in the same class? Twin pairs from two large representative samples from Quebec (Canada) and the UKwere evaluated across a large age range (7 to 16 years) onacademic achievement, severalcognitive abilities and motivational measures. Our results show almost no sizeable positive or negative average effect of classroom separation on twins’ achievement, cognitive ability and motivation. Twin pairs at age 12 (Quebec, Canada) and at age 16 (UK) were slightly more similar on achievement if placed in the same classroom, with slightly greater similarity among MZ twins than DZ twins. However, the few effects found were weak,and it remainsunclear whether they result from classroom separation orother factors. These results suggest that in terms of educational outcomes, policy makers should not impose rigid guidelines to separate twin pairs during their education. The choice of whether to educate twin pairs together or separately should be up to parents, twins and teachers, in response to twins’ individual needs