Free Zone Incentives in MERCOSUR Countries and WTO Law

Published source: Gabriel Gari, 'Free Zone Incentives in MERCOSUR Countries and WTO Law' (2011) 6 Global Trade and Customs Journal, Issue 5, pp. 223–244 ID: GTCJ2011031This article examines the consistency of the incentives offered by free zone regimes in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay with World Trade Organization (WTO) law. It suggests that some of the incentives offered to free zone users are inconsistent with the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) because they constitute a ‘subsidy’ within the meaning of the ASCM, subject de iure or de facto to export performance, most notably, exemptions of direct taxes, exemptions of custom duties on the import of capital goods, exemptions of payment of social welfare charges, unqualified exemptions on payment of indirect taxes, and the possibility to supply goods or services to free zone users at promotional rates. By contrast, this article suggests that there are no significant inconsistencies between free zone incentives and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) but warns that the situation could change in the future if, as a result of multilateral negotiations, MERCOSUR countries opt for extending their GATS commitments to new sectors and modes of supply

Winners and losers in Luxembourg: A statistical analysis of judicial review before the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance (2001-2005)

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Parity violation in quasifree electron scattering off the deuteron

For deuteron electroweak disintegration, parity violating effects are investigated which arise from the interference of $\gamma$ and $Z$ exchange as well as from the hadronic sector via a small parity violating component in the deuteron. The general formalism for the differential cross section and polarization observables of electromagnetic deuteron disintegration is extended to incorporate parity violating contributions. Formal expressions for the additional structure functions are derived. Results are presented for these parity violating structure functions for quasifree kinematics neglecting final state interaction and two-body effects. Both types of parity violating contributions to the asymmetry of the inclusive reaction with respect to longitudinally polarized electrons are evaluated. The one from parity violating deuteron components is negligible over the whole range of momentum transfers considered.Comment: 21 pages revtex including 12 postscript figures, revised version, accepted for publication in Nucl. Phys.

Elastic electron-deuteron scattering in chiral effective field theory

We calculate elastic electron-deuteron scattering in a chiral effective field theory approach for few-nucleon systems based on a modified Weinberg power counting. We construct the current operators and the deuteron wave function at next-to-leading (NLO) and next-to-next-to-leading (NNLO) order simultaneously within a projection formalism. The leading order comprises the impulse approximation of photons coupling to point-like nucleons with an anomalous magnetic moment. At NLO, we include renormalizations of the single nucleon operators. To this order, no unknown parameters enter. At NNLO, one four-nucleon-photon operator appears. Its strength can be determined from the deuteron magnetic moment. We obtain not only a satisfactory description of the deuteron structure functions and form factors measured in electron-deuteron scattering but also find a good convergence for these observables.Comment: 13 pp, elsart.cls, 4 figs, extended version, includes NNLO corrections and more detailed discussion

On the Nucleon Distribution Amplitude: The Heterotic Solution

We present a new nucleon distribution amplitude which amalgamates features of the Chernyak-Ogloblin-Zhitnitsky model with those of the Gari-Stefanis model. This "heterotic" solution provides the possibility to have asymptotically a small ratio \hbox{$\vert G_{M}^{n}\vert/G_{M}^{p}\le 0.1$}, while fulfilling most of the sum-rule requirements up to the third order. Using this nucleon distribution amplitude we calculate the electromagnetic and weak nucleon form factors, the transition form factor $\gamma p \Delta^{+}$ and the decay widths of the charmonium levels $^3S_{1}$, $^3P_{1}$, and $^3P_{2}$ into $p\bar p$. The agreement with the available data is remarkable in all cases.Comment: 15 pages, RUB-TPII-21/92 Preprin

Investigation of the Neutron Form Factors by Inclusive Quasi-Elastic Scattering of Polarized Electrons off Polarized 3^{3}He: A Theoretical Overview

The theory of quasi-elastic inclusive scattering of polarized leptons off polarized $^3$He is critically reviewed and the origin of different expressions for the polarized nuclear response function appearing in the literature is explained. The sensitivity of the longitudinal asymmetry upon the neutron form factors is thoroughly investigated and the role played by the polarization angle for minimizing the proton contribution is illustrated.Comment: Phys. Rev C in press; 9 figs. (available upon request

Dispersion-Theoretical Analysis of the Nucleon Electromagnetic Formfactors

Dispersion relations allow for a coherent description of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors measured over a large range of momentum transfer, $Q^2 \simeq 0 \ldots 35$ GeV$^2$. Including constraints from unitarity and perturbative QCD, we present a novel parametrisation of the absorptive parts of the various isoscalar and isovector nucleon form factors. Using the current world data, we obtain results for the electromagnetic form factors, nucleon radii and meson couplings. We stress the importance of measurements at large momentum transfer to test the predictions of perturbative QCD.Comment: 33 pp, RevTEX or plain LaTeX, 7 figures (in ffig.uu

Extraction of electromagnetic neutron form factors through inclusive and exclusive polarized electron scattering on polarized 3He target

Inclusive 3He(e,e') and exclusive 3He(e,e'n) processes with polarized electrons and 3He have been theoretically analyzed and values for the magnetic and electric neutron form factors have been extracted. In both cases the form factor values agree well with the ones extracted from processes on the deuteron. Our results are based on Faddeev solutions, modern NN forces and partially on the incorporation of mesonic exchange currents.Comment: 28 pages, 29 Postscript figure

Scaling law for the electromagnetic form factors of the proton

The violation of the scaling law for the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton are examined within the cloudy bag model. The suppression of the ratio of the electric and magnetic form factors is natural in the bag model. The pion cloud plays a moderate role in understanding the recent data from TJNAF.Comment: 8 pages, REVTeX, 2 figures include

Recalculation of Proton Compton Scattering in Perturbative QCD

At very high energy and wide angles, Compton scattering on the proton (gamma p -> gamma p) is described by perturbative QCD. The perturbative QCD calculation has been performed several times previously, at leading twist and at leading order in alpha_s, with mutually inconsistent results, even when the same light-cone distribution amplitudes have been employed. We have recalculated the helicity amplitudes for this process, using contour deformations to evaluate the singular integrals over the light-cone momentum fractions. We do not obtain complete agreement with any previous result. Our results are closest to those of the most recent previous computation, differing significantly for just one of the three independent helicity amplitudes, and only for backward scattering angles. We present results for the unpolarized cross section, and for three different polarization asymmetries. We compare the perturbative QCD predictions for these observables with those of the handbag and diquark models. In order to reduce uncertainties associated with alpha_s and the three-quark wave function normalization, we have normalized the Compton cross section using the proton elastic form factor. The theoretical predictions for this ratio are about an order of magnitude below existing experimental data.Comment: Latex, 23 pages, 13 figures. Checked numerical integration one more way; added results for one more proton distribution amplitude; a few other minor changes. Version to appear in Phys. Rev.