Comparative proteome and qPCR analysis of the sugarcane reaction to leaf scald caused by Xanthomonas albilineans

Leaf scald is an important disease of sugarcane caused by Xanthomonas albilineans (Xa). Leaf scald is controlled by the development and planting of resistant cultivars. However, erratic symptom expression makes conventional screening for resistance difficult. In addition, the mechanisms of resistance to leaf scald are not completely understood. Real-time, quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) assays were developed utilizing SYBR Green for a highly sensitive detection method or a TaqMan probe to quantify Xa populations in infected plants. Xa populations detected by qPCR followed similar trends to disease severity ratings and vascular infection results for two resistant and two susceptible cultivars under greenhouse and field conditions. Low bacterial populations were found in newly emerged, systemically infected leaves of resistant cultivars. The results suggest that Xa population quantification by qPCR has the potential to be used as an alternative method for leaf scald resistance screening. A comparative proteomic analysis identified differentially expressed proteins that suggested mechanisms for the sugarcane resistance response to Xa infection. Protein expression was compared for inoculated and mock-inoculated plants of two resistant and two susceptible cultivars during a time-course encompassing the responses to initial and systemic infection. Differential expression also was compared across cultivars with and without Xa infection. The number of up- and down-regulated proteins increased in the resistant cultivars during systemic infection. Identified, differentially expressed proteins were mostly in the chloroplast (67%), and 48% were involved in photosynthesis. Identified proteins were homologous to cyclophilin, translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), thylakoid ascorbate peroxidase (tAPOD), germin-like protein (GLP), and thioredoxins. All are proteins that have been associated with induced defense responses. Down-regulation of APOD and the thioredoxins and up-regulation of GLP could result in accumulation of reactive oxygen species, particularly H2O2, in the cytoplasm and the apoplast. In addition, proteins involved in ethylene biosynthesis, another key signaling molecule in induced systemic resistance (ISR), were differentially expressed in resistant cultivars. Differences found between the two resistant cultivars indicate that resistance mechanisms can vary between genotypes, but the suggested resistance mechanisms for both were inducible responses. Finally, some differentially expressed proteins were involved in primary metabolism that could represent a plant fitness mechanism to provide energy needed for ISR. The differences in Xa populations detected by qPCR and comparative proteomic analysis both suggest the existence of an induced mechanism of resistance against Xa during systemic infection. Multiple lines of evidence from the proteomic analysis suggest a triggering of ISR that would result in the limited Xa colonization of the new xylem developing above the apical meristem and lack of symptom development that is evident in leaf scald resistant sugarcane genotypes

Designing regulatory frameworks for merchant transmission investments by real options analysis

In deregulated electricity markets, the transmission network is a key infrastructure for enabling competition in the generation sector. A deficient expansion of the transmission grid prevents the realization of the benefits in terms of efficiency associated with market mechanisms. Consequently, it is essential to provide clear investment policies and economic signals to attract timely and efficient transmission in order to be developed at minimum cost, with adequate levels of service quality and reliability, and adapted to the requirements of generators and consumers. This paper proposes a modern tool of economic evaluation based on Real Options Analysis that provides the regulator the ability to assess various incentives that allow transmission investors to make efficient decisions in highly uncertain environments. Real Options properly values partially irreversible investment decisions, such as to defer, modify or abandon an investment project in response to the arrival of new information or as uncertainties are resolved. Decisions are evaluated from the point of view of an agent trying to maximize its own profits in the time period set to recover the capital invested. The results of this paper allow the study of the behavior of transmission investors regarding their decision making when they have the possibility to manage the option to defer, under different regulatory schemes that encourage the expansion of the transmission systemFil: Pringles, Rolando Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico San Juan. Instituto de Energia Electrica; ArgentinaFil: Olsina, Fernando Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico San Juan. Instituto de Energia Electrica; ArgentinaFil: Garces, Francisco Felipe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico San Juan. Instituto de Energia Electrica; Argentin

AdvCon, Beacon devices and electronic advertisement

Technology is increasingly becoming an important ally for business, so it is important to develop studies and research that bring innovation to the market. This report is about implementation of an app that utilizes a Bluetooth communication as a way of send low data information to a mobile device as an advertisement and how it would help on the business growth. The research that were carried out in order to bring more knowledge about the beacon technology that is being the basis of our project and mobile devices app development. It was found that there is still more to be explored in relation to this technology and much can be done using beacon devices. the technology we seek to implement aims to solve the problem of companies with regard to the lack of visibility of their stores and the possibility of reaching a greater number of customers

Electromagnetic pollution maps as a resource for assessing the risk of emissions from mobile communications antennas

Electromagnetic pollution has taken on importance in recent decades, as interest is growing in knowing how the proliferation of mobile communication devices can affect the environment and generate health problems in the population. In this document, a systematic review of the methodologies for measuring electromagnetic radiation is carried out with a view to generating pollution profiles. It also develops a novel methodology for measuring electromagnetic pollution (EMP) in urban areas, and is validated with a case study using a map of EMP in the city of Manizales (Colombia), determining the spatial distribution of radiation levels. In order to generate the map, EMP measurements were carried out in the bands of local mobile telephone operators, in addition to the LPWAN (low power wide area network) LoRaWAN and Sigfox networks, Wi-Fi, and those related to IoT technologies

Alteraciones orales por uso de biberón y chupete en niños menores de 3 años

Introducción: El uso de hábitos de succión nutritivos y no nutritivos: biberón y chupete conduce a la aparición de alteraciones orales en los niños. La población infantil es más propensa a sufrir de estas debido al momento de desarrollo que se encuentran. La información previa que se tiene sobre este tema indica que el uso de biberón y chupete debe limitarse a casos excepcionales, necesarios y como complemento con la finalidad de evitar complicaciones futuras. Objetivo: describir las manifestaciones y alteraciones del uso del biberón y chupete en niños menores de tres años. Método: para la realización del trabajo se siguieron los estándares del protocolo Cochrane usado en investigaciones sistemáticas. Además, en los criterios de búsqueda se usó el método de revisión Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Revies and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA). Se incluyó la revisión de 113 artículos, se excluyeron 88 investigaciones en base al título, 5 en base a los datos encontrados en el resumen del documento y después de leer los estudios a texto completo. Resultados: las manifestaciones y alteraciones orales debido al uso de biberón y chupete es estudiado desde diversas perspectivas científicas, por lo que en esta revisión se consideran la disciplina psicológica, logopédica y odontológica. Conclusiones: las alteraciones orales que se presentan con mayor incidencia en la población seleccionada son: maloclusión, mordida abierta y cruzada, alteraciones en el desarrollo motor oral, mal posicionamiento de la lengua, mayor probabilidad de desarrollar caries y movimientos dentales significativos

Estudio de la austenita retenida en el acero inoxidable bajo condiciones experimentales de soldadura y tratamientos térmicos.

El objetivo principal del presente trabajo fue realizar el estudio de la austenita retenida en el acero inoxidable bajo condiciones experimentales de soldadura y tratamientos térmicos. Se ha procedido a estudiar el comportamiento microestructural de los aceros: A743 CA6-NM y AISI 304L. En cada caso de estudio se analizó cada ensayo metalográfico, y de microdureza con la finalidad de realizar una adecuada recolección de datos para tener una fuente segura y confiable con la cual el Área de Control de Calidad del Centro de Investigación y Recuperación de Turbinas y Partes Industriales tenga referencia en futuros campos de reparación de elementos hidráulicos. Los resultados indican que el caso de estudio que presenta mejores efectos en cuanto a homogenización de la microestructura, dispersión de austenita retenida y microdureza en el acero ASTM A743 CA6-NM es M-CE12, sin embargo, en cuanto a los ensayos de impacto los casos de estudio que mejor resultados presenta en cuanto a mayor energía de absorción es el M-CE15, teniendo como una excelente alternativa en cuanto a reparaciones de álabes y otros elementos hidráulicos este tipo de soldadura disímil. En cuanto al acero AISI 304L se observó que estos no pueden mejorar sus propiedades mecánicas mediante tratamientos térmicos, presentando problemas como la corrosión intergranular degradando el material. Por medio del ensayo de impacto se concluyó que la microestructura austenítica presenta mejores características en cuanto a resistencia al impacto, sin embargo, en el acero A743 CA6-NM al presentarse una dispersión muy pequeña de austenita retenida este acero no logra obtener un mayor grado de tenacidad o ductilidad, se recomienda evaluar al material con varios casos de reparación ya que en este trabajo de investigación se lo hizo con un material sin ningún tipo de reparación.The main objective of this research is to carry out the study of retained austenite in stainless steel under experimental welding conditions and technical treatments. The microstructural procedure of steels has been studied: A743 CA6-NM and AISI 304L. In each case study, each metallographic and microhardness test was analyzed with the purpose of carrying out an adequate data collection to have a safe and reliable source in which the Quality Control Turbines and Parts Research and Recovery Center Industrialists have reference in future fields of repairing hydraulic elements. The results indicate that the case study that presents better effects in terms of homogenization of the microstructure, dispersion of retained austenite and microhardness in ASTM A743 CA6-NM steel is M-CE12, however, in terms of impact tests the cases of study that better results presents in terms of absorption energy is the M-CE15, having this as an excellent alternative in terms of repairs of blades and other hydraulic elements of this type of dissimilar welding. As for AISI 304L steel, it was observed that they cannot improve their mechanical properties though heat tr0eatments, presenting problems such as intergranular corrosion degrading the material. Through the impact test, it was concluded that the austenitic microstructure has better characteristics in terms of impact resistance, however, in the A743 CA6-NM steel with a very small dispersion of retained austenite occurs, this steel does not achieve a higher degree of tenacity or ductility, it is recommended to evaluate the material with several cases of repair since in this research was done with a material without any type of repair

Estudio preliminar sobre el ejercicio de la interpretación y traducción judicial en España

This article explores, from a critical point of view, if the current training given to court interpreters and translators in Spain is sufficient in preparing them to do an adequate job in the courtroom and presents the opinions of legal professionals who work with interpreters and translators on a daily basis. We aim to present a new perspective, one that has not been sufficiently covered in existing curricula: that of the users of courtroom interpreting and translation services. Data comes from personal interviews and an anonymous survey of judicial legal professionals to know their views on the work carried out by interpreters and translators as well as their suggestions for improving the quality of the interpreting and translation services. This is a preliminary and partial analysis that requires a deeper study which we hope to undertake in the future.En este artículo analizaremos, desde un punto de vista crítico, si la formación que reciben actualmente en España los intérpretes y traductores judiciales en las universidades españolas es suficiente para desempeñar su trabajo con calidad ante los tribunales, y la confrontaremos con la opinión que tienen los profesionales del Derecho que trabajan habitualmente con intérpretes y traductores. Trataremos de recoger así una perspectiva nueva y no contemplada suficientemente hasta ahora en los planes de formación reglada: la del colectivo al que sirve el intérprete y traductor judicial. Los datos provienen de entrevistas personales y una encuesta anónima dirigida a operadores judiciales con el fin de conocer su punto de vista sobre el trabajo que realizan actualmente los intérpretes y traductores y sus propuestas para mejorar la calidad del mismo. Se trata de un estudio preliminar y parcial que necesita de análisis más profundos que esperamos acometer en el futuro

A Preliminary Study About The Quality of Courtroom Interpreting and Translation in Spain

En este artículo analizaremos, desde un punto de vista crítico, si la formación que reciben actualmente en España los intérpretes y traductores judiciales en las universidades españolas es suficiente para desempeñar su trabajo con calidad ante los tribunales, y la confrontaremos con la opinión que tienen los profesionales del Derecho que trabajan habitualmente con intérpretes y traductores. Trataremos de recoger así una perspectiva nueva y no contemplada suficientemente hasta ahora en los planes de formación reglada: la del colectivo al que sirve el intérprete y traductor judicial. Los datos provienen de entrevistas personales y una encuesta anónima dirigida a operadores judiciales con el fin de conocer su punto de vista sobre el trabajo que realizan actualmente los intérpretes y traductores y sus propuestas para mejorar la calidad del mismo. Se trata de un estudio preliminar y parcial que necesita de análisis más profundos que esperamos acometer en el futuro.This article explores, from a critical point of view, if the current training given to court interpreters and translators in Spain is sufficient in preparing them to do an adequate job in the courtroom and presents the opinions of legal professionals who work with interpreters and translators on a daily basis. We aim to present a new perspective, one that has not been sufficiently covered in existing curricula: that of the users of courtroom interpreting and translation services. Data comes from personal interviews and an anonymous survey of judicial legal professionals to know their views on the work carried out by interpreters and translators as well as their suggestions for improving the quality of the interpreting and translation services. This is a preliminary and partial analysis that requires a deeper study which we hope to undertake in the future