Non-line-of-sight transient rendering

The capture and analysis of light in flight, or light in transient state, has enabled applications such as range imaging, reflectance estimation and especially non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging. For this last case, hidden geometry can be reconstructed using time-resolved measurements of indirect diffuse light emitted by a laser. Transient rendering is a key tool for developing such new applications, significantly more challenging than its steady-state counterpart. In this work, we introduce a set of simple yet effective subpath sampling techniques targeting transient light transport simulation in occluded scenes. We analyze the usual capture setups of NLOS scenes, where both the camera and light sources are focused on particular points in the scene. Also, the hidden geometry can be difficult to sample using conventional techniques. We leverage that configuration to reduce the integration path space. We implement our techniques in a modified version of Mitsuba 2 adapted for transient light transport, allowing us to support parallelization, polarization, and differentiable rendering. © 2022 The Author(s

Time-domain phenomenological model of gravitational-wave subdominant harmonics for quasicircular nonprecessing binary black hole coalescences

In this work we present an extension of the time domain phenomenological model IMRPhenomT for gravitational wave signals from binary black hole coalescences to include subdominant harmonics, specifically the $(l=2, m=\pm 1)$, $(l=3, m=\pm 3)$, $(l=4, m=\pm 4)$ and $(l=5, m=\pm 5)$ spherical harmonics. We also improve our model for the dominant $(l=2, m=\pm 2)$ mode and discuss mode mixing for the $(l=3, m=\pm 2)$ mode. The model is calibrated to numerical relativity solutions of the full Einstein equations up to mass ratio 18, and to numerical solutions of the Teukolsky equations for higher mass ratios. This work complements the latest generation of traditional frequency domain phenomenological models (IMRPhenomX), and provides new avenues to develop computationally efficient models for gravitational wave signals from generic compact binaries

Assessment of Manual Dexterity in VR: Towards a Fully Automated Version of the Box and Blocks Test

Proceeding of The 27th Australian National Health Informatics Conference (HIC 2019), 12-14 August 2019, Melbourne, AustraliaIn recent years, the possibility of using serious gaming technology for the automation of clinical procedures for assessment of motor function have captured the interest of the research community. In this paper, a virtual version of the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) for manual dexterity assessment is presented. This game-like system combines the classical BBT mechanics with a play-centric approach to accomplish a fully automated test for assessing hand motor function, making it more accessible and easier to administer. Additionally, some variants of the traditional mechanics are proposed in order to fully exploit the advantages of the chosen technology. This ongoing research aims to provide the clinical practitioners with a customisable, intuitive, and reliable tool for the assessment and rehabilitation of hand motor function.Work funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ROBOESPAS project DPI2017-87562-C2-1-R and mobility grant EST2019-013090), and by the RoboCity2030-DIH-CM Madrid Robotics Digital Innovation Hub (S2018/NMT-4331).Publicad

Parameter estimation with the current generation of phenomenological waveform models applied to the black hole mergers of GWTC-1

We consider the ten confidently detected gravitational-wave signals in theGWTC-1 catalog which are consistent with mergers of binary black hole systems,and perform a thorough parameter estimation re-analysis. This is made possibleby using computationally efficient waveform models of the current (fourth)generation of the IMRPhenom family of phenomenological waveform models, whichconsists of the IMRPhenomX frequency-domain modelsand the IMRPhenomTtime-domain models. The analysis is performed with both precessing andnon-precessing waveform models with and without subdominant spherical harmonicmodes. Results for all events are validated with convergence tests, discussingin particular the events GW170729 and GW151226. For the latter and the othertwo lowest-mass events, we also compare results between two independentsampling codes, Bilby and LALInference. We find overall consistent results withthe original GWTC-1 results, with all Jensen-Shannon divergences between theprevious results using IMRPhenomPv2 and our default IMRPhenomXPHM posteriorsbelow 0.045 bits, but we also discuss cases where including subdominantharmonics and/or precession influences the posteriors.<br

New twists in compact binary waveform modeling: A fast time-domain model for precession

We present IMRPhenomTPHM, a phenomenological model for the gravitational wave signals emitted by the coalescence of quasi-circular precessing binary black holes systems. The model is based on the "twisting up" approximation, which maps non-precessing signals to precessing ones in terms of a time dependent rotation described by three Euler angles, and which has been utilized in several frequency domain waveform models that have become standard tools in gravitational wave data analysis. Our model is however constructed in the time domain, which allows several improvements over the frequency domain models: we do not use the stationary phase approximation, we employ a simple approximation for the precessing Euler angles for the ringdown signal, and we implement a new method for computing the Euler angles through the evolution of the spin dynamics of the system, which is more accurate and also computationally efficient

A detailed analysis of GW190521 with phenomenological waveform models

In this paper we present an extensive analysis of the GW190521 gravitational wave event with the current (fourth) generation of phenomenological waveform models for binary black hole coalescences. GW190521 stands out from other events since only a few wave cycles are observable. This leads to a number of challenges, one being that such short signals are prone to not resolve approximate waveform degeneracies, which may result in multi-modal posterior distributions. The family of waveform models we use includes a new fast time-domain model IMRPhenomTPHM, which allows us extensive tests of different priors and robustness with respect to variations in the waveform model, including the content of spherical harmonic modes. We clarify some issues raised in a recent paper [Nitz&Capano], associated with possible support for a high-mass ratio source, but confirm their finding of a multi-modal posterior distribution, albeit with important differences in the statistical significance of the peaks. In particular, we find that the support for both masses being outside the PISN mass-gap, and the support for an intermediate mass ratio binary are drastically reduced with respect to what Nitz&Capano found. We also provide updated probabilities for associating GW190521 to the potential electromagnetic counterpart from ZTF

Phenolic Profile of Fruit Industry Byproducts Determined by LC–DAD–MS/MS

The bioconversion of fruit by-products into new functional and clean label ingredients/additives represents a sustainable approach with great potential for application in the food sectorThis work was financially supported by the VIPACFood project (grant agreement no. 618127) selected by ERA-NET ARIMNet2 call 2016 (Coordination of Agricultural Research in the Mediterranean) of the European Union through the 7th Framework Programme and funding by the Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA) ref. APCIN2016-00061-00-00, by the “Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia”, Ref. No. GRC 2019/030, and by Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal,) ARIMNET2/0003/2016. Cássia H. Barbosa is grateful for her research grant in the frame of the VIPACFood project (ARIMNET2/0003/2016). The work was also supported by UIDB/00211/2020 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national fundsS

Characterization of clay minerals and Fe oxides through diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (VNIR-SWIR)

[ES] Se ha realizado el análisis mineralógico a través de las propiedades espectrales desarrolladas por muestras de suelos y sedimentos del borde noroccidental de la Cuenca del Duero. Las absorciones producidas por los óxidos y oxihidróxidos de hierro (hematites y goethita, principalmente) están localizadas en zonas del VNIR (400-1200 nm), mientras que las bandas de absorción presentes en los espectros del SWIR (1200-2500 nm) están relacionadas con la composición química de minerales arcillosos. Los espectros de reflectancia medidos en laboratorio han sido normalizados aplicando los métodos del Continuum Removal (CR) y la segunda derivada (SD). Este último puede resolver la superposición de bandas al cuantificar sutiles inflexiones de la curva. Esto ha permitido examinar las bandas de absorción por separado midiendo los parámetros geométricos desarrollados en ellas. La proporción de los minerales influye en la respuesta espectral y, por tanto, en los valores de los parámetros. Se han realizado correlaciones lineales entre estos valores y la proporción de las diferentes fases minerales obtenidas por difracción de rayos X. De los parámetros estudiados, la correlación entre la posición del centro de banda (BC) en la máxima absorción alrededor de longitudes de onda de 890-960 nm y la profundidad del rasgo de absorción a 470 nm (D470) ha permitido realizar una estimación relativa de la proporción de hematites/goethita. En cuanto a la distribución de los diferentes minerales de arcilla, se ha podido establecer una correlación entre la proporción de caolinita y la profundidad de las bandas de absorción a 1415 y 2210 nm, y en los rasgos de absorción cercanos a 1390 y 2160 nm, analizados en SD.[EN] The mineralogical analysis was carried out through the spectral properties developed by samples of soils and sediments from the northwestern edge of the Duero Basin. The absorptions produced by the oxides and Feoxyhydroxides (mainly hematite and goethite) are located in VNIR zones (400-1200 nm), while the absorption bands that are present in the SWIR spectra (1200-2500 nm) are related to the chemical composition of clay minerals. The reflectance spectra measured in the laboratory have been normalized by using the methods of Continuum Removal (CR) and the second derivative (SD). This last method can solve the band overlapping because it quantifies subtle drops in the curve. This has allowed the absorption bands to be examined separately by measurement of their geometrical parameters. The proportion of the minerals affects the spectral response and, accordingly, the values of the parameters. Linear correlations were conducted between these values and the proportion of the different mineral phases obtained by X-ray diffraction. In the studied parameters, the correlation between the band center (BC) position in the maximum absorption around the wavelengths at 890-960 nm and the absorption feature depth at 470 nm (D470) has enabled a relative estimation of the proportion of hematite/goethite. As for the distribution of the different clay minerals, a correlation has been established between the proportion of kaolinite and the absorption bands depth at 1415 and 2210 nm, and in the absorption features near 1390 and 2160 nm, analyzed in SD.Trabajo financiado por los Proyectos CGL2016-77005-R y ESP2017-89045-R del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, y el ProyectoLE169G18 de la Junta de Castilla y León.Báscones, A.; Suárez, M.; Ferrer-Julià, M.; García-Meléndez, E.; Colmenero-Hidalgo, E.; Quirós, A. (2020). Caracterización de minerales de arcilla y óxidos de hierro mediante espectroscopía de reflectancia difusa (VNIR–SWIR). Revista de Teledetección. 0(55):49-57. https://doi.org/10.4995/raet.2020.13331OJS4957055Ben-Dor, E., Banin, A. 1995. Near-infrared analysis as a rapid method to simultaneously evaluate several soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59(2), 364-37. https://doi.org/10.2136/ sssaj1995.03615995005900020014xBen-Dor, E. 2002. Quantitative remote sensing of soil properties. Advances in Agronomy, 75, 173-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(02)75005-0Bishop, J.L., Lane, M.D., Dyar, M.D., Brown, A.J. 2008. Reflectance and emission spectroscopy study of four groups of phyllosilicates: smectites, kaolinite-serpentines, chlorites and micas. Clay Minerals, 43, 35- 54. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.1.03Brown, D.J., Shepherd, K.D., Walsh, M.G., Dewayne Mays, M., Reinsch, T.G. 2006. Global soil characterization with VNIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Geoderma, 132, 273-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.025Burns, R.G. 1993. Mineralogical Applications of Crystal Field Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511524899Cariati, F., Erre, L., Micera, G., Piu, P., Gessa, C. 1981. Water molecules and hydroxyl groups in montmorillonites as studied by near infrared spectroscopy. Clays and Clay Minerals, 29, 157- 159. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290211Clark, R.N., Roush, T.L. 1984. Reflectance spectroscopy: quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 6329-6340. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p06329Clark, R.N., King, T.V.V., Klejwa, M., Swayze, G., Vergo, N. 1990. High spectral resolution reflectance spectroscopy of minerals. Journal of. Geophysical Research, 95, 12653-12680. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12653Clark, R.N. 1999. Spectroscopy of rocks and minerals and principles of spectroscopy. In Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences: Manual of Remote Sensing, 3nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 3-58. Ed. by A.N. Rencz, ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc.Demetriades-Shah, T.H., Steven, M.D., Clark, J.A., 1990. High resolution derivative spectra in remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment, 33, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(90)90055-QDufrechou, G., Grandjean, G., Bourguignon, A. 2015. Geometrical analysis of laboratory soil spectra in the short-wave infrared domain: Clay composition and estimation of the swelling potencial. Geoderma, 243, 92-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.12.014García-Meléndez, E., Ferrer-Julià, M., Bermejo, A., Suárez, M. 2004. Relación entre la respuesta espectral (visible-infrarrojo cercano) y la composición mineralógica de materiales sedimentarios del borde occidental de la Cuenca del Duero. Rev. Soc. Geol. España, 17(1-2), 39-47.García-Rivas, J., Suárez, M., García-Romero, E., García-Meléndez, E. 2018. Identification and classification of mineralogical associations by VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy in the Tajo basin (Spain). International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation, 72, 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2018.05.028González Menéndez, L., Heredia, N., Marcos, A. 2008. Mapa Geológico Digital continuo E. 1:50000, Zona Asturoccidental-Leonesa (Zona-1100). En: GEODE. Mapa Geológico Digital continuo de España, Cartografía del IGME.Kokaly, R.F., Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Livo, K.E., Hoefen, T.M., Pearson, N.C., Wise, R.A., Benzel, W.M., Lowers, H.A., Driscoll, R.L. y Klein, A.J. 2017. USGS Spectral Library Version 7. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1035, 61pp. https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1035Martín Pozas, J.M. 1975. Análisis cuantitativo de fases cristalinas por DRX. En: Difracción de muestras policristalinas. Método de Debye-Scherrer, J.A. Saja, ed., I.C.E. Universidad de Valladolid.Moore, D.M., Reynolds, R.C. 1997. X-ray diffraction and identification and analysis of clay minerals. 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, New York.Pérez García, L.C. 1977. Los Sedimentos Auríferos del NO de la Cuenca del Duero (Provincia de León, España) y su Prospección. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Oviedo.Petit, S., Madejová, J., Decarreau, A., Martin, F. 1999. Characterization of octahedral substitutions in kaolinites using near Infrared spectroscopy. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470111Petit, S., Decarreau, A., Martin, F., Buchetet, R. 2004. Refined relationship between the position of the fundamental OH stretching and the first overtones for clays. Phys. Chem. Minerals, 31, 585-592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-004-0423-xRiaza, A., García-Meléndez, E., Suárez, M., Hausold, A., Beisl, U., Van Der Werff, H., Pascual, L. 2004. Climate-dependent iron bearing morphological units around lake marshes (Tablas de Daimiel, Spain) using hyperspectral DAIS 7915 and ROSIS Spectrometer data. Proceedings of SPIE - the international society for optical engineering, 5239, 322-332. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.511810Scheinost, A.C., Chavernas, A., Barrón V., Torrent, J. 1998 Use and limitations of second-derivative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the visible to near-infrared range to identify and quantify Fe oxide minerals in soils. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 528- 536. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460506Sherman, D.M., Waite, T.D., 1985. Electronic spectra of Fe3+ oxides and oxide hydroxides in the near IR to near UV. American Mineralogist, 70, 1262-1269.Stenberg, B., Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Mouazen, A.M., Wetterlind, J. 2010. Visible and near infrared spectroscopy in soil science. Advances in Agronomy, 107, 163-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(10)07005-7Van der Meer, F. 2004. Analysis of spectral absorption features in hyperspectral imagery. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5, 55-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2003.09.001Villar Alonso, P., Portero Urroz, G., González Cuadra, P., García Crespo J., Nieto García, A.B., Rubio Pascual, F.J., Gómez Fernández, F., Jiménez Benayas, S. 2005. Mapa Geológico Digital continuo E. 1:50000, Zona Centroibérica. Dominio Ollo de Sapo (Zona-1300). En: GEODE. Mapa Geológico Digital continuo de España, Cartografía del IGME.Viscarra Rossel, R.A., McGlynn, R.N., McBratney, A.B. 2006. Determining the composition of mineral-organic mixes using UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Geoderma, 137, 70-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.07.004Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Cattle, S.R., Ortega, A., Fouad, Y. 2009. In situ measurements of soil colour, mineral composition and clay content by vis- NIR spectroscopy. Geoderma, 150, 253-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.01.025Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Bui, E.N., de Caritat, P., McKenzie, N.J., 2010. Mapping iron oxides and the color of Australian soil using visible-near-infrared reflectance spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F04031. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF00164

Pathogenesis of Intradermal Staphylococcal Infections Rabbit Experimental Approach to Natural Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections

[EN] Despite the enormous efforts made to achieve effective tools that fight against Staphylococcus aureus, the results have not been successful. This failure may be due to the absence of truly representative experimental models. To overcome this deficiency, the present work describes and immunologically characterizes the infection for 28 days, in an experimental low-dose (300 colony-forming units) intradermal model of infection in rabbits, which reproduces the characteristic staphylococcal abscess. Surprisingly, when mutant strains in the genes involved in virulence (J Delta agr, J Delta coa Delta vwb, J Delta hla, and J Delta psm alpha) were inoculated, no strong effect on the severity of lesions was observed, unlike other models that use high doses of bacteria. The inoculation of a human rabbitized (FdltB(r)) strain demonstrated its capacity to generate a similar inflammatory response to a wild-type rabbit strain and, therefore, validated this model for conducting these experimental studies with human strains. To conclude, this model proved reproducible and may be an option of choice to check both wild-type and mutant strains of different origins.Supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) grant AGL2014-53405-C2-2-P, the Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, and European Union Development Fund (FEDER) Programme PO FEDER 2007-2013. A.M.-S., A.G.-Q., and E.M.-G. receive fellowship support from the Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; S.P.-F. receives fellowship support from the Generalitat Valenciana ACIF/2016/085; and M.P. and E.M.-G. receive fellowship support from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport AP2010-3907 and FPU17/02708, respectively.Muñoz-Silvestre, A.; Penadés, M.; Selva, L.; Pérez-Fuentes, S.; Moreno Grua, E.; García-Quirós, A.; Pascual Amorós, JJ.... (2020). Pathogenesis of Intradermal Staphylococcal Infections Rabbit Experimental Approach to Natural Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. The American Journal of Pathology. 190(6):1188-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.01.019S118812101906Kobayashi, S. D., Malachowa, N., & DeLeo, F. R. (2015). Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus Abscesses. The American Journal of Pathology, 185(6), 1518-1527. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.030Lowy, F. D. (2011). HowStaphylococcus aureusAdapts to Its Host. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(21), 1987-1990. doi:10.1056/nejmp1100251Peschel, A., & Otto, M. (2013). Phenol-soluble modulins and staphylococcal infection. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 11(10), 667-673. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3110Von Eiff, C., Becker, K., Machka, K., Stammer, H., & Peters, G. (2001). Nasal Carriage as a Source ofStaphylococcus aureusBacteremia. New England Journal of Medicine, 344(1), 11-16. doi:10.1056/nejm200101043440102Saïd-Salim, B., Dunman, P. M., McAleese, F. M., Macapagal, D., Murphy, E., McNamara, P. J., … Kreiswirth, B. N. (2003). Global Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus Genes by Rot. Journal of Bacteriology, 185(2), 610-619. doi:10.1128/jb.185.2.610-619.2003Gao, J., & Stewart, G. C. (2004). Regulatory Elements of the Staphylococcus aureus Protein A (Spa) Promoter. Journal of Bacteriology, 186(12), 3738-3748. doi:10.1128/jb.186.12.3738-3748.2004Fridkin, S. K., Hageman, J. C., Morrison, M., Sanza, L. T., Como-Sabetti, K., Jernigan, J. A., … Farley, M. M. (2005). Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusDisease in Three Communities. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(14), 1436-1444. doi:10.1056/nejmoa043252DeLeo, F. R., Otto, M., Kreiswirth, B. N., & Chambers, H. F. (2010). Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The Lancet, 375(9725), 1557-1568. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61999-1Talan, D. A., Krishnadasan, A., Gorwitz, R. J., Fosheim, G. E., Limbago, B., … Albrecht, V. (2011). Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus From Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections in US Emergency Department Patients, 2004 and 2008. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 53(2), 144-149. doi:10.1093/cid/cir308Bae, I.-G., Tonthat, G. T., Stryjewski, M. E., Rude, T. H., Reilly, L. F., Barriere, S. L., … Fowler, V. G. (2009). Presence of Genes Encoding the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Exotoxin Is Not the Primary Determinant of Outcome in Patients with Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus  : Results of a Multinational Trial. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 47(12), 3952-3957. doi:10.1128/jcm.01643-09Kennedy, A. D., Wardenburg, J. B., Gardner, D. J., Long, D., Whitney, A. R., Braughton, K. R., … DeLeo, F. R. (2010). Targeting of Alpha‐Hemolysin by Active or Passive Immunization Decreases Severity of USA300 Skin Infection in a Mouse Model. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 202(7), 1050-1058. doi:10.1086/656043Viana, D., Selva, L., Segura, P., Penadés, J. R., & Corpa, J. M. (2007). Genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from rabbit lesions. Veterinary Microbiology, 121(3-4), 288-298. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.003Viana, D., Comos, M., McAdam, P. R., Ward, M. J., Selva, L., Guinane, C. M., … Penadés, J. R. (2015). A single natural nucleotide mutation alters bacterial pathogen host tropism. Nature Genetics, 47(4), 361-366. doi:10.1038/ng.3219Jung, E. C., & Maibach, H. I. (2014). Animal models for percutaneous absorption. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 35(1), 1-10. doi:10.1002/jat.3004Malachowa, N., Kobayashi, S. D., Porter, A. R., Braughton, K. R., Scott, D. P., Gardner, D. J., … DeLeo, F. R. (2016). Contribution of Staphylococcus aureus Coagulases and Clumping Factor A to Abscess Formation in a Rabbit Model of Skin and Soft Tissue Infection. PLOS ONE, 11(6), e0158293. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158293Le, V. T. M., Tkaczyk, C., Chau, S., Rao, R. L., Dip, E. C., Pereira-Franchi, E. P., … Diep, B. A. (2016). Critical Role of Alpha-Toxin and Protective Effects of Its Neutralization by a Human Antibody in Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 60(10), 5640-5648. doi:10.1128/aac.00710-16Otto, M. (2014). Staphylococcus aureus toxins. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 17, 32-37. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.11.004Collins, L. V., Kristian, S. A., Weidenmaier, C., Faigle, M., van Kessel, K. P. M., van Strijp, J. A. G., … Peschel, A. (2002). Staphylococcus aureusStrains Lackingd‐Alanine Modifications of Teichoic Acids Are Highly Susceptible to Human Neutrophil Killing and Are Virulence Attenuated in Mice. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 186(2), 214-219. doi:10.1086/341454Novick, R. P. (1991). [27] Genetic systems in Staphylococci. Bacterial Genetic Systems, 587-636. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(91)04029-nLindsay, J. A., Ruzin, A., Ross, H. F., Kurepina, N., & Novick, R. P. (1998). The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands inStaphylococcus aureus. Molecular Microbiology, 29(2), 527-543. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00947.xArnaud, M., Chastanet, A., & Débarbouillé, M. (2004). 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