Caracterización de la atención de urgencia inicial en el sistema de salud en Colombia

Artículo de reflexiónEn el presente artículo se pretende mostrar a la luz del derecho en Colombia, los diferentes factores que regulan y establecen la atención primaria en salud en Colombia. Primero se hace un recorrido por la definición de salud y el estado oculto de la misma a partir de postulados filosóficos, para luego realizar un recorrido histórico frente al proceso de atención de urgencia en diferentes contextos mundiales y en el contexto colombiano como es interés de este documento. Dicha contextualización permite identificar las leyes y normas que regulan la atención en el sistema de salud colombiano y el cumplimiento o no del mismo desde un análisis propuesto en la literatura.Introducción. 1. EL ESTADO OCULTO DE LA SALUD: UNA VISIÓN DESDE LA FILOSOFÍA. 2. SALUD EN EL CONTEXTO COLOMBIANO. 3. LA ATENCIÓN DE URGENCIA INICIAL: UNA MIRADA DESDE EL SISTEMA DE SALUD EN COLOMBIA. 4. JURISPRUDENCIA. CONCLUSIONES. ReferenciasPregradoAbogad

Aspectos históricos del conflicto de la Isla del Perejil

Actualmente deshabitada y ya sin valor militar alguno, la isla del Perejil permanecía en un olvido soterrado. España hace tiempo que no hace acto de soberanía sobre ella, aunque formalmente la reconoce como territorio propio; Marruecos no se ha pronunciado expresamente sobre la misma al hablar de los territorios reclamados a España en las sucesivas reclamaciones presentadas ante Naciones Unidas. En la más importante de ellas, la que tuvo lugar el 30 de enero de 1975, Marruecos no mencionó en absoluto a la isla del Perejil, a pesar de que sí lo hizo con Chafarinas, Vélez y Alhucemas, cosa que tampoco había hecho hasta entonces

Los telares de bajo lizo en Pontevedra. Un telar de bajo lizo en funcionamiento en Zobra

En número dedicado a: Pontevedr

"Cabaceiros" de la comarca de la Ulloa

En número dedicado a: Lug

Juguetes y juegos populares

En número dedicado a: Las Hurde

Imitadores de ictus: cuando las cosas no son lo que parecen

El ictus es una de las principales enfermedades en el mundo desarrollado. Teniendo en cuenta que el tratamiento fibrinolítico debe ser administrado durante un corto período de tiempo tras el episodio, el ictus constituye una emergencia médica que requiere un diagnóstico acertado precoz. Diversas enfermedades pueden ser difíciles de diferenciar del ictus, estos son los imitadores de ictus, cuya detección reviste especial importancia. En este estudio se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica literaria acerca de los ictus y sus imitadores, buscando resumir la información de manera accesible y útil para la práctica clínica, ilustrando esta teoría con algunos casos reales. Hemos concluido que una exploración neurológica cuidadosa junto con las pruebas complementarias apropiadas permiten en la inmensa mayoría de las ocasiones obtener un diagnóstico correcto de ictus, reduciendo la confusión, lo cual implica evidentes beneficios de diverso tipo.Grado en Medicin

La procesión del Corpus en Valencia

En número dedicado a: Valenci

The plasmid complement of the cheese isolate Lactococcus garvieae IPLA 31405 revealed adaptation to the dairy environment

Lactococcus garvieae is a lactic acid bacterium found in raw-milk dairy products as well as a range of aquatic and terrestrial environments. The plasmids in L. garvieae have received little attention compared to those of dairy Lactococcus lactis, in which the genes carried by these extrachromosomal elements are considered of adaptive value. The present work reports the sequencing and analysis of the plasmid complement of L. garvieae IPLA 31405, a strain isolated from a traditional, Spanish, starter-free cheese made from raw-milk. It consists of pLG9 and pLG42, of 9,124 and 42,240 nucleotides, respectively. Based on sequence and structural homology in the putative origin of replication ( ori) region, pLG9 and pLG42 are predicted to replicate via a theta mechanism. Real-time, quantitative PCR showed the number of copies per chromosome equivalent of pLG9 and pLG42 to be around two and five, respectively. Sequence analysis identified eight complete open reading frames (orfs) in pLG9 and 36 in pLG42; these were organized into functional modules or cassettes containing different numbers of genes. These modules were flanked by complete or interrupted insertion sequence (IS)-like elements. Among the modules of pLG42 was a gene cluster encoding specific components of a phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase (PEP-PTS) system, including a phospho-β-galacosidase. The cluster showed a complete nucleotide identity respect to that in plasmids of L. lactis. Loss of pLG42 showed this to be involved in lactose assimilation. In the same plasmid, an operon encoding a type I restriction/ modification (R/M) system was also identified. The specificity of this R/M system might be broadened by different R/M specificity subunits detected in pLG9 and in the bacterial chromosome. However, challenges of L. garvieae IPLA 31405 against L. lactis phages proved that the R/M system was not involved in phage resistance. Together, these results support the hypothesis that, as in L. lactis, pLG42 contribute towards the adaptation of L. garvieae to the dairy environment. © 2015 Flórez, Mayo.This research was partially funded by projects from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (Ref. AGL2011-24300) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) (Ref. RM2011-00005-00- 00). AB Flórez was supported by research contracts under Juan de la Cierva Program from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) (Ref. JCI-2010-07457).Peer Reviewe

Diversity and dynamics of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in cheese as determined by PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

This work reports the composition and succession of tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant bacterial communities in a model cheese, monitored by polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were examined using this technique to detect structural changes in the cheese microbiota over manufacturing and ripening. Total bacterial genomic DNA, used as a template, was extracted from cultivable bacteria grown without and with tetracycline or erythromycin (both at 25 μg ml− 1) on a non-selective medium used for enumeration of total and viable cells (Plate Count agar with Milk; PCA-M), and from those grown on selective and/or differential agar media used for counting various bacterial groups; i.e., lactic acid bacteria (de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar; MRSA), micrococci and staphylococci (Baird–Parker agar; BPA), and enterobacteria (Violet Red Bile Glucose agar; VRBGA). Large numbers of tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant bacteria were detected in cheese samples at all stages of ripening. Counts of antibiotic-resistant bacteria varied widely depending on the microbial group and the point of sampling. In general, resistant bacteria were 0.5–1.0 Log10 units fewer in number than the corresponding susceptible bacteria. The PCR-DGGE profiles obtained with DNA isolated from the plates for total bacteria and the different bacterial groups suggested Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus spp. as the microbial types resistant to both antibiotics tested. This study shows the suitability of the PCR-DGGE technique for rapidly identifying and tracking antibiotic resistant populations in cheese and, by extension, in other foods.The study was partially supported by projects from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Ref. AGL2014-57820-R) and Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation 2013–2017 of the Asturias Principality, co-funded by FEDER (Ref. GRUPIN14-137). A.B. Flórez was supported by a research contract from CSIC under the JAE-Doc Program.Peer reviewe

Early effects of estrogen on the rat ventral prostate

Complex interactions between androgen and estrogen (E2) regulate prostatic development and physiology. We analyzed the early effects of a high single dose of E2 (25 mg/kg body weight) and castration (separately or combined) on the adult 90-day-old male Wistar rat ventral prostate. Androgen levels, prostate weight, and the variation in the relative and absolute volume of tissue compartments and apoptotic indices were determined for 7 days. Castration and exogenous E2 markedly reduced ventral prostate weight (about 50% of the control), with a significant reduction in the epithelial compartment and increased stroma. The final volume of the epithelium was identical at day 7 for all treatments (58.5% of the control). However, E2 had an immediate effect, causing a reduction in epithelial volume as early as day 1. An increase in smooth muscle cell volume resulted from the concentration of these cells around the regressing epithelium. The treatments resulted in differential kinetics in epithelial cell apoptosis. Castration led to a peak in apoptosis at day 3, with 5% of the epithelial cells presenting signs of apoptosis, whereas E2 caused an immediate increase (observed on day 1) and a sustained (up to day 7) effect. E2 administration to castrated rats significantly increased the level of apoptosis by day 3, reaching 9% of the epithelial cells. The divergent kinetics between treatments resulted in the same levels of epithelial regression after 7 days (~30% of control). These results show that E2 has an immediate and possibly direct effect on the prostate, and anticipates epithelial cell death before reducing testosterone to levels as low as those of castrated rats. In addition, E2 and androgen deprivation apparently cause epithelial cell death by distinct and independent pathways.48749