Pesca y agricultura : mismos problemas, ¿mismas respuestas?

Contiene la nota "Pescado dependencia", de Aniol Esteban.Aunque hablar de pesca y agricultura significa atender realidades diferentes, finalmente, en ambos casos estamos hablando del sector primario. Y en ambos casos el sistema neoliberal está llevándonos a unos escenarios preocupantes, con muchas similitudes. En este artículo nos queremos centrar precisamente en ellas, que se resumen con un término muy rotundo: acaparamiento; pero también en las respuestas que se intuye que son fundamentales y coincidentes también entre la pesca y la agricultura

Integration of fishers’ ecological knowledge in fisheries biology and management : a proposal for the case of the artisanal coastal fisheries of Galicia (NW Spain)

The fisheries crisis of the last decades and the overexploitation of a great number of stocks have revealed that the scientific knowledge available about the dynamics of the marine ecosystems and needed for the management of the fisheries is inadequate. This problem is critical when the management of coastal ecosystems and artisanal fisheries is involved. These systems show a great complexity due to the high number of human factors that influence their functioning (related directly to the exploitation of fisheries resources, but also to other types of activities that originate modifications and destruction of habitats) and to the number of components involved in the fishing activity (usually multispecific, multigear, with a diversified fleet that shows a complex spatial pattern of activity). Moreover, a great number of stocks exploited by coastal artisanal fisheries are invertebrates with a population dynamics that no fits in the finfish models. The efficient and sustainable management of these resources is in general not possible using models designed to finfish stocks exploited by industrial fleets. We analyze the present state of the coastal fisheries in Galicia (NW Spain), paying special attention to the state of the art of the scientific knowledge available, the socioeconomical context, and to the management policies in use. In this sense, the main problems of the present policy directed to the achievement of scientific data and to the management of resources will be identified. We propose to modify the strategies of research in the fishery sciences to introduce the traditional ecological knowledge of the fishers in the management process. This kind of information should constitute a complimentary source to get new knowledge, and for this goal we propose to process it using the mechanisms and tools of the Artificial Inteligence to formalize, objectify and integrate it in the fisheries biology and marine ecology. Some case studies based in this approach will be presented.Xunta de Galicia; PGIDT99PX110201

Procesos de producción pesquera e incertidumbre : la comercialización de los productos pesqueros en la pesca artesanal de Galicia

[Resumen] En este trabajo se hace una presentación descriptiva acerca de cómo una serie de factores mediombientales, socioeconómicos y políticos inciden sobre la actividad pesquera en Galicia. La finalidad es subrayar cómo algunos de estos "azares ambientales" constituyen una fuente de incertidumbre (problemas) para el desarrollo de la actividad pesquera afectando de modo especial a los procesos productivos menos capitalizados. Finalmente, a modo de ejemplificación, nos centraremos en la comercialización de los productos pesqueros en "primera venta" y sus problemas, mostrando algunas de las respuestas que dan los pescadores artesanales en el ámbito del mercado

Socioeconomic and biological causes of management failures in European artisanal fisheries: the case of Galicia (NW Spain)

Coastal ecosystems and artisanal fisheries show a great complexity due to the high number of human factors that infuence their functioning and to the number of components involved in the fishing activity. Moreover, a great number of stocks exploited by coastal artisanal fisheries are invertebrates with a strong and persistent spatial structure and a population dynamics that do not fit the finfish models. The present state of the artisanal coastal fisheries in Galicia (NW Spain) is analyzed, presenting di!erent symptoms of a general state of overexploitation derived from the mismatch between management (derived from models designed for industrial finfisheries) and the biological and socioeconomic context. We propose to modify the strategies of research to use inexpensive and rapid methodologies and introduce the fishers' ecological knowledge. A new management policy is outlined based in the establishment of territorial users' rights, the involvement of fishers in the assessment and management process, and the use of protected areas and minimum sizes as key regulation toolsXunta de Galicia; PGIDT99PX110201BXunta de Galicia; XUGA10301B9

Como asignar valor económico a bancos de pesca cuando las estadísticas de pesca no son espacialmente explícitas

Fishery statistics do not usually include small-scale spatial references to assess the effects of natural or human disturbances. We present a methodology which assigns a geographical origin to the catches and assesses the total revenue of the fishing grounds. Market statistics are combined with the results of an ethnographic survey to provide a spatial allocation of the fishing effort. In the present case study, which corresponds to the Galician coast (NW Spain), 253 vessels from 14 base ports that fish in 80 fishing grounds were identified. The annual total revenue of the catches was 8.28 M€ and ranged from a minimum of 4928 € to a maximum of 0.60 M€ with a mean value per fishing ground of 0.104 M€.Las estadísticas pesqueras no suelen incluir referencia espacial a pequeña escala que permita evaluar los daños causados por perturbaciones naturales o humanas. Se presenta una metodología que asigna un origen geográfico a las capturas y permite estimar un valor de explotación de los caladeros. Se combinan estadísticas de comercialización con los resultados de un análisis etnográfico para proporcionar una localización geográfica al esfuerzo de pesca. En particular, se ha estudiado una situación en la que se identificaron 253 embarcaciones de 14 puertos diferentes, que pescaban en 80 caladeros de la costa de Galicia (NW de España). Los ingresos brutos anuales resultantes de las capturas realizadas fueron de 8.28 M€, con un importe promedio por banco de 0.104 M€, oscilando entre un máximo de 0.60 M€ y un mínimo de 4928 €

Methodology for integration of fisher's ecological knowledge in fisheries biology and management using knowledge representation (artificial intelligence)

Presentado na International Conference "Putting Fisher's Knowledge to Work", Vancouver, Canadá, 27-30 agosto de 2001[abstract] The fisheries crisis of the last decades and the overexploitation of a great number of stocks (FAO 1995) have been due mainly to the inadequacy of scientific knowledge, uncertainties in assessments and/or failures of the management systems. These problems are critical when the management of coastal ecosystems and artisanal fisheries is involved. These systems possess great complexity due to the high number of human factors that influence their functioning and the fishing activity. Small-scale coastal fisheries have a much greater social significance than offshore industrial fisheries, despite the larger economical importance of the latter (only in macro-economic terms). The artisanal coastal fisheries in Galicia (NW Spain) are in a general state of overexploitation derived from the mismatch between management (derived implicitly from models designed for industrial finfisheries) and the biological and socioeconomic context. Freire and García-Allut (2000) proposed a new management policy (based on the establishment of territorial users’ rights, the involvement of fishers in the assessment and management process in collaboration with the government agencies, and the use of protected areas and minimum landing sizes as key regulations) to solve the above problems. As well as a new management system, research should pay special attention to the design and use of inexpensive and rapid methodologies to get relevant scientific data, and introduce local or traditional ecological knowledge of the fishers to the assessment and management process. In this paper, we analyze the values and characteristics of fishers’ ecological knowledge (FEK). Using the artisanal coastal fisheries of Galicia as a case study, we present the objectives of the integration of FEK in fisheries biology and management and propose a methodology for that goal. The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a tool for the analysis and integration of FEK is discussed, and the role of Knowledge Representation, a branch of AI, is described to show the epistemological and technological adequacy of the chosen languages and tools in a non-computer science foru

Estudio de los marcadores de activación plaquetar en pacientes con sepsis grave y síndrome de disfunción multiorgánica : papel de las interacciones celulares /

Se presentan dos estudios que analizan la activación plaquetar en la sepsis grave. En el primero de ellos, se desarrolla un protocolo para el análisis por citometría de flujo en sangre total de los marcadores de activación plaquetar PAC-1, P-selectina, de agregados plaquetares circulantes y de agregados leuco-plaquetares circulantes. Se analizan dichas variables en tres grupos de pacientes, un grupo de pacientes con sepsis no grave, un grupo de pacientes con sepsis grave y grados variables de síndrome de disfunción multiorgánica, y un tercer grupo control, constituído por pacientes de UCI sin evidencia de infección. Los resultados muestran que los pacientes con sepsis grave presentan una elevación significativa de los marcadores de activación plaquetar con respecto a la sepsis no grave. Dichos marcadores son: el PAC-1, la P-selectina, los agregados plaquetares y los agregados leucoplaquetares. La expresión de P-selectina, Pac-1 y los agregados plaquetares se han correlacionado con el grado de disfunción multiorgánica medida con la escala SOFA. La expresión de P-selectina y PAC-1 se ha asociado con la mortalidad, aunque copn un valor predictivo limitado. Las plaquetas en la sepsis grave circulan, por tanto, en estado de mayor activación, induciendo una situación protrombótica en la vasculatura. Los resultados otorgan un papel a la activación plaquetar en el complejo proceso de la disfunción multiorgánica, apoyando la hipótesis de la trombosis microvascular como sustrato del SDMO. El segundo estudio investiga el proceso trombótico como un fenómeno multicelular, analizando las interacciones entre eritrocito y plaqueta, así como el efecto de las interleuquinas 1beta, 6 y 10 sobre la reactividad plaquetar. Los resultados muestran que los eritrocitos incrementan la reactividad plaquetar determinada tanto por un aumento en la activación como en el reclutamiento plaquetar; es decir, el eritrocito es una célula con potencial trombótico. La incubación de plaquetas con interleuquina 1beta, no modifica la agregación plaquetar. La interleuquina 6 indujo un aumento dosis dependiente en la agregación plaquetar, demostrando una acción estimuladora de la función plaquetar. La interleuquina 10 indujo un descenso de la agregación plaquetar. La incubación de hematíes con las interleuquinas 1beta y 10, no produjo efectos detectables sobre la capacidad protrombótica de los hematíes. La incubación de los hematíes con interleuquina 6 indujo una inhibición significativa de la capacidad proagregante de dichos hematíes, medida tanto por un descenso en la activación como en el reclutamiento plaquetar. Se pone de manifiesto la complejidad del coloquio intercelular en la sepsis.Platelet activation in severe sepsis patients is analyzed in two studies. First study developes a flow cytometric assay in whole blood, investigating the platelet activation markers: PAC-1, P-selectine, circulating platelet aggregates and circulating leuco-platelet aggregates. These markers are studied in three groups of patients: a group of non-severe patients, a group of severe sepsis patients, and a control group of patients without evidence of infection. Results show that patients with severe sepsis present a higher expression of platelet activation markers than non-severe sepsis patients. These markers are PAC-1, P-selectine, platelet aggregates and leuco-platelet aggregates. Also, platelet aggregates, P-selectine and PAC-1 expression present a positive correlation with the degree of organic dysfunction, assessed by SOFA score. P-selectine and PAC-1 expression correlates with mortality, but with a limited predictive value. Platelets in severe sepsis circulate highly activated, inducing a prothrombotic state in vascular beds. Results give to platelet activation a role in the complex process of multiorgan dysfunction. Second study analyzes the thrombotic process as a multicellular event, studying the interactions between erythrocytes and platelets, and the effect of the interleukins 1beta, 6 and 10 on the platelet reactivity. Results show that erythrocytes increase the platelet reactivity, determined by an increase in platelet activation and in platelet recruitment; it means that erythrocytes are cells with prothrombotic power. Platelet incubation with interleukin 1 beta, didn't affect platelet aggregation. Platelet incubation with interleukin 6, induced a dose-dependent increase in platelet aggregation showing a stimulating effect on platelet function. Platelet incubation with high dose interleukin 10, induced a decrease in platelet aggregation. Erythrocyte incubation with interleukins 1 beta and 10, didn't affect the prothrombotic power of those red blood cells. Erythrocyte incubation with interleukin 6, induced a significative decrease in the proaggregatory power of these erythrocytes, defined by a decrease of platelet activation and platelet recruitment. It's showed the complexity of the intercellular dialogue in sepsis

Using description logics to integrate fishers' ecological knowledge in the research of artisanal fisheries

[Abstract] The aim of this paper is to show the role that Knowledge Representation can play in the research of artisanal fisheries. In particular we concentrate on the epistemological and technological adequacy of implementations of Description Logics to represent fishers’ ecological knowledge, so contributing to address some open methodological questions about its collection and us

Gestión de pesquerías, gestión de mercados : ¿es el comercio electrónico una solución?

Jornadas de Comercialización del pescado Fresco, Alternativas de Futuro : Palamós, 2 y 3 de marzo 200

Deliberación e integración cultural en las comunidades pesqueras artesanales: el caso de RECOPADES (Red de Comunidades pesqueras artesanales por el Desarrollo Sostenible)

La ponencia que presentamos trata sobre las principales conclusiones de una investigación más amplia que nos permite diagnosticar el grado de incidencia social, en las políticas pesqueras artesanales en América latina, desde un proyecto de cooperación al desarrollo en pesca artesanal o de pequeña escala y una organización no gubernamental para el desarrollo: RECOPADES. Un proceso participativo donde representantes de la sociedad civil (Fundación Lonxanet, RECOPADES) y sector pesquero artesanal tienen como objetivo común, entre otros, establecer un nuevo escenario de gestión pública por medio de la creación de áreas marinas de interés pesquero cogestionadas en ambas regiones (América Latina, España