Diseño y simulación de un sistema neumático para línea de envasado

Con este trabajo se pretende diseñar, simular y ejecutar el funcionamiento de un sistema neumático para una línea de envasado, aplicándose los conocimientos desde el punto de vista de la neumática e hidráulica y empleándose diversos actuadores neumáticos de distintos tamaños para realizar cada uno distintas operaciones. Para su realización, se han empleado distintos materiales facilitados por el área de mecánica de fluidos de la universidad y posteriormente adaptados para conseguir la correcta ejecución y funcionamiento del diseño previamente realizado. Este diseño de la línea de envasado, ha sido realizado con ayuda del programas de simulación: AutomationStudio, de tal forma que se han desarrollado previamente todos los distintos circuitos neumáticos y eléctricos y una vez simulados con este software, ha sido montado todos sus circuitos tanto eléctricos, neumáticos e hidráulicos y además todo lo que lleva implícito(montaje de soportes, ajustes de actuadores, etc.) para llevarse y ejecutarse tal y como previamente ha sido diseñado

Automatización de la adquisición de datos experimentales en un canal a escala.

La reproducibilidad de los resultados es un aspecto clave en la labor investigadora, especialmente en el ámbito de los procesos experimentales, donde tanto las medidas como las condiciones de trabajo han de ser registradas con especial cuidado. La aplicación de sistemas de control, la correcta selección de los sensores y la utilización de mecanismos de control numérico por ordenador permite el posicionado de los sensores, el control de actuadores y el registro de las señales de manera precisa, permitiendo repetir los experimentos en condiciones controladas de forma que se obtengan resultados reproducibles. Con motivo de investigar la aplicación de sistemas automáticos a la adquisición de datos se ha desarrollado este proyecto. Para llevar a cabo el proyecto, primero se han estudiado los sensores más utilizados en el ámbito de la Mecánica de Fluidos, concretamente en los experimentos con canales a escala. A continuación se han analizado los sistemas de posicionamiento disponibles, comenzando por los sistemas fijos de ajuste manual y prosiguiendo con los sistemas automáticos, especialmente los de Control Numérico por Ordenador (CNC). Finalmente se ha estudiado el software y hardware de adquisición de datos. Una vez obtenidos los fundamentos teóricos necesarios, se ha procedido a realizar la implementación del sistema de automatización que permitirá el posicionamiento de los sensores, la adquisición de datos y el posterior postprocesado de los mismos. Por último se ha realizado el montaje en el canal a escala, se ha comprobado la adecuación del sistema de medida y se ha confirmado el buen funcionamiento del mismo en un experimento de medida de transitorios. Adicionalmente, durante el desarrollo del proyecto, se han registrado y documentado todos los pasos del mismo

Las sociedades de capital riesgo en Andalucía. Una modelización causal

Las Sociedades de Capital Riesgo (SCR) se constituyen en una modalidad de inversión temporal que trata de proveer recursos a pequeñas y medianas empresas no financieras y que no coticen en bolsa. En el siguiente artículo pretendemos realizar una descripción sobre el funcionamiento de las Sociedades de Capital Riesgo en Andalucía, para lo cual, definiremos, en primer lugar, las principales variables que caracterizan el desarrollo y desenvolvimiento de su actividad en la Comunidad Autónoma Andaluza. A continuación, estas variables nos servirán de apoyo para la representación gráfica de la estructura interna del sistema que forman las SCR andaluzas, de manera que consigamos establecer las interrelaciones esenciales que las caracterizan. Así, pues, habremos completado la etapa de conceptualización de la problemática que planteamos mediante Dinámica de Sistemas. PALABRAS CLAVE: Capital Riesgo, Empresas Participadas, Proyectos, Variables, Diagrama Causal. ABSTRACT Venture Capital constitutes an investisement temporary way that treat to contribute financial resources to no financial small business that don´t quote on the Stock Exchange. The present article pretends to describe the Venture Capital behaviour in Andalusia. We define, first of all, the principal variables that characterise the development of this activity in Andalusian Autonomous Region. Then, these variables will be useful for graphic display of system internal structure formed by andalusians venture capital, so we got to set up the essentials interrelations that characterise them. So, we´ll have completed the conceptualisation stage of planed problems by Dynamic Systems.Venture Capital constitutes an investisement temporary way that treat to contribute financial resources to no financial small business that don´t quote on the Stock Exchange. The present article pretends to describe the Venture Capital behaviour in Andalusia. We define, first of all, the principal variables that characterise the development of this activity in Andalusian Autonomous Region. Then, these variables will be useful for graphic display of system internal structure formed by andalusians venture capital, so we got to set up the essentials interrelations that characterise them. So, we´ll have completed the conceptualisation stage of planed problems by Dynamic Systems

The involvement of thaumatin-like proteins in plant food cross-reactivity: a multicenter study using a specific protein microarray.

Cross-reactivity of plant foods is an important phenomenon in allergy, with geographical variations with respect to the number and prevalence of the allergens involved in this process, whose complexity requires detailed studies. We have addressed the role of thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) in cross-reactivity between fruit and pollen allergies. A representative panel of 16 purified TLPs was printed onto an allergen microarray. The proteins selected belonged to the sources most frequently associated with peach allergy in representative regions of Spain. Sera from two groups of well characterized patients, one with allergy to Rosaceae fruit (FAG) and another against pollens but tolerant to food-plant allergens (PAG), were obtained from seven geographical areas with different environmental pollen profiles. Cross-reactivity between members of this family was demonstrated by inhibition assays. Only 6 out of 16 purified TLPs showed noticeable allergenic activity in the studied populations. Pru p 2.0201, the peach TLP (41%), chestnut TLP (24%) and plane pollen TLP (22%) proved to be allergens of probable relevance to fruit allergy, being mainly associated with pollen sensitization, and strongly linked to specific geographical areas such as Barcelona, Bilbao, the Canary Islands and Madrid. The patients exhibited mayor que50% positive response to Pru p 2.0201 and to chestnut TLP in these specific areas. Therefore, their recognition patterns were associated with the geographical area, suggesting a role for pollen in the sensitization of these allergens. Finally, the co-sensitizations of patients considering pairs of TLP allergens were analyzed by using the co-sensitization graph associated with an allergen microarray immunoassay. Our data indicate that TLPs are significant allergens in plant food allergy and should be considered when diagnosing and treating pollen-food allergy

Objetivos ambientales de la agricultura española: recomendaciones científicas para su implementacion efectiva según la nueva política agraria común 2023-2030

[EN]: The next reform ofthe EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for the period 2021-2027 (currently extended to 2023-2030) requires the approval by the European Commission of a Strategic Plan with environmental objectives for each Member State. Here we use the best available scientific evidence on the relationships between agricultural practices and biodiversity to delineate specific recommendations for the development of the Spanish Strategic Plan. Scientific evidence shows that Spain should (1) identify clear regional biodiversity targets and the landscape-level measures needed to achieve them; (2) define ambitious and complementary criteria across the three environmental instruments (enhanced conditionality, eco-schemes, and agri-environmental and climate measures) of the CAP’s Green Architecture, especially in simple and complex landscapes; (3) ensure that other CAP instruments (areas of nature constraints, organic farming and protection of endangered livestock breeds and crop varieties) really support biodiversity; (4) improve farmers’ knowledge and adjust measures to real world constraints; and (5) invest in biodiversity and ecosystem service monitoring in order to evaluate how the Plan achieves regional and national targets andto improve measures if targets are not met. We conclude that direct assessments of environmental objectives are technically and economi- cally feasible, can be attractive to farmers, and are socially fair and of great interest for improving the environmental effectiveness of CAP measures. The explicit and rigorous association of assessments and monitoring, relating specific environmental indicators to regional objectives, should be the main criterion for the approval of the Strategic Plan in an environmentally-focused CAP2023-2030.[ES]: La reforma de la Política Agraria Común (PAC) para el periodo 2021-2027 (extendido en la actualidad a 2023-2030) exige que la Comisión Europea apruebe un Plan Estratégico por cada Estado Miembro con claros objetivos ambientales. En este trabajo desarrollamos recomendaciones específicas para la elaboración del Plan Estratégico para los sistemas agrícolas españoles, basadas en la mejor evidencia científica disponible sobre las relaciones entre la gestión agrícola y los componentes de la biodiversidad. La evidencia científica muestra que España debe 1) identificar objetivos regionales claros relativos a la biodiversidad de los medios agrarios y las medidas a nivel paisajístico necesarias para alcanzarlas; 2) definir criterios ambiciosos y complementarios para los tres instrumentos ambientales (condicionalidad extendida, eco-esquemas y medidas agroambientales y climáticas) de la Arquitectura Verde de la PAC, especialmente en paisajes sencillos y complejos; 3) garantizar que otros instrumentos de la PAC (zonas desfavorecidas, agricultura ecológica y protección de razas ganaderas y variedades de cultivos en peligro de extinción) favorecen realmente la diversidad biológica; 4) mejorar el conocimiento de los agricultores y ajustar las medidas a las limitaciones del mundo real; y 5) invertir en seguimiento de la biodiversidad y sus servicios ecosistémicos asociados con el fin de evaluar si el Plan alcanza los objetivos regionales y nacionales y mejorarlos adaptativamente si no lo consigue. Concluimos que la evaluación directa de los objetivos ambientales es técnica y económicamente viable, puede ser atractiva para los agricultores, es socialmente justa y de gran utilidad en la mejora de la efectividad de las medidas de la PAC. Una combinación rigurosa de seguimiento y evaluación de medidas y objetivos adaptados regionalmente mediante indicadores ambientales directos y claros debería ser el criterio que guíe la aprobación del Plan Estratégico para una PAC 2023-2030 centrada en el medio ambiente y orientada a la conservación de la biodiversidad.Peer reviewe

Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Oncohaematology: Warning Signs, Diagnosis, and Management

Background: Immunodeficiencies (ID), in particular primary immunodeficiencies (PID), are often associated with haematological manifestations, such as peripheral cytopenias or lymphoproliferative syndromes. Early diagnosis and management have significant prognostic implications. Secondary immunodeficiencies (SID) may also be induced by oncohaematological diseases and their treatments. Haematologists and oncologists must therefore be aware of the association between blood disorders and cancer and ID, and be prepared to offer their patients appropriate treatment without delay. Our aim was to define the warning signs of primary and secondary IDs in paediatric and adult patients with oncohaematological manifestations.Methods: A multidisciplinary group of six experts (2 haematologists, 2 immunologists, and 2 paediatricians specializing in ID) conducted a literature review and prepared a document based on agreements reached an in-person meeting. An external group of 44 IDs specialists from all over Spain assessed the document and were consulted regarding their level of agreement.Results: This document identifies the haematological and extra-haematological diseases that should prompt a suspicion of PIDs in adults and children, in both primary care and haematology and oncology departments. Cytopenia and certain lymphoproliferative disorders are key diagnostic pointers. The diagnosis must be based on a detailed clinical history, physical exploration, complete blood count and standard laboratory tests. The immunological and haematological tests included in the diagnostic process will depend on the care level. Patients who are candidates for immunoglobulin replacement therapy must be carefully selected, and treatment should be offered as soon as possible to avoid the development of complications. Finally, this document recommends procedures for monitoring these patients.Conclusions: This document combines scientific evidence with the opinion of a broad panel of experts, and emphasizes the importance of an early diagnosis and treatment to avoid complications. The resulting document is a useful tool for primary care physicians and specialists who see both adult and paediatric patients with oncohaematological diseases

Las sociedades de capital riesgo en Andalucía: conclusiones de un estudio

Las Sociedades de Capital Riesgo (SCR) se constituyen en una modalidad de inversión temporal que trata de proveer recursos a pequeñas y medianas empresas no financieras y que no coticen en bolsa. En el presente artículo pretendemos identificar los resultados alcanzados por las SCR públicas de Andalucía, así como los costes que asumen para lograr sus fines, en un período que comprende desde la creación de cada una de ellas hasta finales de 1996. Con ello, tratamos de examinar el grado de eficacia y eficiencia que las medidas públicas de fomento han tenido en el desempeño de las actividades de estas sociedades. Finalmente, aportamos una serie de recomendaciones, de orden financiero, que podrían ayudar a mejorar su funcionamiento futuro.Venture Capital constitutes an investment temporary way which to supply financial resources to no financial small business that don't quote on the Stock Exchange. The present article tries to identify the Venture Capital andalusians public results, as well as the costs that stand to get their purposes in a period that includes from the beginning of their activities to the end of 1996. Thus, we attempt to examine the efficacy and efficiency rate of public measures of encouragement hold by these societies. Finally, we make financial suggestions which could help these societies to improve their future development

Quantitative analysis of macrobenthic soft-bottom assemblages in South Shetland waters (Antarctica)

Macrobenthic assemblages were investigated at 26 stations located around Livingston Island, Deception Island and the Bransfield Strait at depths ranging from 42 to 671 m. Representatives of 30 major taxa were found. The maximal density was 5,260 specimens·m−2 at Livingston Island; the mean abundance per station ranged from 160 to 4,380 specimens·m−2. The total biomass of the macrozoobenthos declined with depth, with mean values of 3,201 g·m−2 at shallower depths ( 100 m). After multivariate analysis (cluster analysis, MDS) based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities, most stations could be assigned to one of three groups on the basis of distinct biomass differences between sites. The first cluster with a rich Ascidiacea biomass is common on shallower bottoms. The second, with Ophiuroidea as a characteristic group, is common on deeper bottoms. The absence of an ‘indicator’ taxon is characteristic of the remaining cluster of those stations with the lowest biomass values. No significant correlations were detected between macrobenthic biomass and any sediment parameters measured, probably because part of the benthos (i.e. the epifauna) could be better explained by the coupling with a highly productive water column. The role of the epi-infauna sensu Gallardo as the main factor structuring benthic assemblages in the investigated area is discussed.S

Quantitative analysis of macrobenthic soft-bottom assemblages in South Shetland waters (Antarctica)

Macrobenthic assemblages were investigated at 26 stations located around Livingston Island, Deception Island and the Bransfield Strait at depths ranging from 42 to 671 m. Representatives of 30 major taxa were found. The maximal density was 5,260 specimens·m−2 at Livingston Island; the mean abundance per station ranged from 160 to 4,380 specimens·m−2. The total biomass of the macrozoobenthos declined with depth, with mean values of 3,201 g·m−2 at shallower depths ( 100 m). After multivariate analysis (cluster analysis, MDS) based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities, most stations could be assigned to one of three groups on the basis of distinct biomass differences between sites. The first cluster with a rich Ascidiacea biomass is common on shallower bottoms. The second, with Ophiuroidea as a characteristic group, is common on deeper bottoms. The absence of an ‘indicator’ taxon is characteristic of the remaining cluster of those stations with the lowest biomass values. No significant correlations were detected between macrobenthic biomass and any sediment parameters measured, probably because part of the benthos (i.e. the epifauna) could be better explained by the coupling with a highly productive water column. The role of the epi-infauna sensu Gallardo as the main factor structuring benthic assemblages in the investigated area is discussed.Versión del editor1,445