Pax7 lineage contributions to the mammalian neural crest.

BackgroundNeural crest cells are vertebrate-specific multipotent cells that contribute to a variety of tissues including the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, and craniofacial bones and cartilage. Abnormal development of the neural crest is associated with several human maladies including cleft/lip palate, aggressive cancers such as melanoma and neuroblastoma, and rare syndromes, like Waardenburg syndrome, a complex disorder involving hearing loss and pigment defects. We previously identified the transcription factor Pax7 as an early marker, and required component for neural crest development in chick embryos. In mammals, Pax7 is also thought to play a role in neural crest development, yet the precise contribution of Pax7 progenitors to the neural crest lineage has not been determined.Methodology/principal findingsHere we use Cre/loxP technology in double transgenic mice to fate map the Pax7 lineage in neural crest derivates. We find that Pax7 descendants contribute to multiple tissues including the cranial, cardiac and trunk neural crest, which in the cranial cartilage form a distinct regional pattern. The Pax7 lineage, like the Pax3 lineage, is additionally detected in some non-neural crest tissues, including a subset of the epithelial cells in specific organs.Conclusions/significanceThese results demonstrate a previously unappreciated widespread distribution of Pax7 descendants within and beyond the neural crest. They shed light regarding the regionally distinct phenotypes observed in Pax3 and Pax7 mutants, and provide a unique perspective into the potential roles of Pax7 during disease and development

Amygdala and emotional learning in vertebrates: A comparative perspective

Gobierno de España SI2009-12761Gobierno de España RyC2006/128

El asesoramiento financiero en la gestión de una cartera. El caso de un cliente prototipo de Getino Finanzas E.A.F.I. = The financial advisory in portfolio management. The case of a prototype client in Getino Finanzas E.A.F.I.

La ingeniería financiera ha cobrado especial notoriedad en los últimos años, dando paso a la aparición de activos financieros cada vez más complejos en los mercados. En este sentido, se hace patente la necesidad de disponer de una normativa que regule la contratación de estos productos de una forma más eficiente y adecuada. Esta legislación, denominada MiFID, entra en vigor en el año 2008 y es a raíz de esta Directiva cuando surgen las llamadas EAFI, Empresas de Asesoramiento Financiero Independiente. El objetivo de este trabajo se centra en establecer el proceso de asesoramiento que siguen las EAFI. Para ello se establece un marco teórico que defina la estructura y la normativa de los mercados financieros. A continuación, se elabora una cartera en función del tipo de inversor que solicite el asesoramiento y, por último, se desarrolla un estudio empírico que permite contrastar su implantación práctic

Los discursos gubernamentales acerca de la discapacidad en México y la situación de los discapacitados – Una mirada desde los censos de población.

La población discapacitada en México ha sido siempre un sector aparte de la población y condenada a la marginación económica, social y educativa. A pesar de que su número se incrementó considerablemente a raíz de la Revolución, el Estado mexicano no consideró necesario apoyar este sector poblacional a través de políticas públicas específicas tal como sucedió en Europa. Los discapacitados fungieron sólo como un subsector del enorme ejército de los pobres. Los administradores públicos consideraron que las políticas de combate de la pobreza – que el Estado mexicano adoptó apenas desde la década de los ochenta del siglo XX – atenderían también las necesidades de esta población. Sin embargo, los datos estadísticos disponibles demuestran que esto no ha sido así. La integración económica de la población discapacitada, sus ingresos y su acceso al sistema educativo se encuentran por debajo de la media nacional. Los discapacitados mexicanos constituyen de esta forma los más pobres de los pobres

Diseño de investigación de un plan de prevención y control de derrames en área de líquidos en una fábrica de alimentos para animales

Diseñar un plan de prevención y control de derrames en área de líquidos en una Fábrica de Alimentos para Animales, así definir las medidas necesarias para prevenir derrames e identificar las medidas de contención adecuados

Transmission properties of a single metallic slit: From the subwavelength regime to the geometrical-optics limit

In this work we explore the transmission properties of a single slit in a metallic screen. We analyze the dependence of these properties on both slit width and angle of incident radiation. We study in detail the crossover between the subwavelength regime and the geometrical-optics limit. In the subwavelength regime, resonant transmission linked to the excitation of waveguide resonances is analyzed. Linewidth of these resonances and their associated electric field intensities are controlled by just the width of the slit. More complex transmission spectra appear when the wavelength of light is comparable to the slit width. Rapid oscillations associated to the emergence of different propagating modes inside the slit are the main features appearing in this regime.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Drug resistance and treatment failure in leishmaniasis: A 21st century challenge

Reevaluation of treatment guidelines for Old and New World leishmaniasis is urgently needed on a global basis because treatment failure is an increasing problem. Drug resistance is a fundamental determinant of treatment failure, although other factors also contribute to this phenomenon, including the global HIV/AIDS epidemic with its accompanying impact on the immune system. Pentavalent antimonials have been used successfully worldwide for the treatment of leishmaniasis since the first half of the 20th century, but the last 10 to 20 years have witnessed an increase in clinical resistance, e.g., in North Bihar in India. In this review, we discuss the meaning of “resistance” related to leishmaniasis and discuss its molecular epidemiology, particularly for Leishmania donovani that causes visceral leishmaniasis. We also discuss how resistance can affect drug combination therapies. Molecular mechanisms known to contribute to resistance to antimonials, amphotericin B, and miltefosine are also outlined

Methodologies based on ASCA to elucidate the influence of a subprocess: vinification as a case of study

In food manufacturing and processing, food matrix complexity usually makes it difficult to detect unwanted subprocesses, which can impact thequality of thefinal product. In the case of wine alcoholic fermentation, themain process is the conversion of sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide, but the presence of some unwanted microorganismscould lead to wine contamination by production of undesired minor compounds. In thestudywe present, an intentional contamination of the vinification processby the addition ofacetic acid bacteria was studied using a portable Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. ANOVA Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) was usedto unravel these minor variability sources. However, as the subprocess is twoorders of magnitude lowerin concentration than the main process, different methodologies were used to enhance theASCAresults, suchasto selecta specific spectral regionrelated to acetic acid bacteria metabolism, to dividethe process in time intervals related to the different phases, or to unfold the data matrix in different ways. In addition, spectral pre-processing was optimized to scale up small peaks related to the subprocess. Our results show that several methodologies to build ASCA models can be applied to emphasize and better characterize bacteria contamination subprocesses