Formación e innovación en las empresas industriales

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las relaciones entre la formación y la innovación dentro de las empresas industriales. El trabajo se inicia con la exposición de los factores que, en las investigaciones realizadas al efecto, se han encontrado más asociados con ambas estrategias empresariales. El análisis empírico se basa en la información obtenida por medio de una encuesta realizada a las industrias de más de treinta trabajadores ubicadas en el Principado de Asturias. Mediante técnicas de regresión logística, se analizan las relaciones entre determinados aspectos de la formación (tasa de cobertura, detección de necesidades, tipo de formación, organización de las acciones formativas, evaluación y valoración de la formación) y la actividad innovadora. Los resultados muestran una fuerte asociación entre ambas prácticas empresariales, así como diferencias significativas en la implementación y valoración de la formación según el grado de innovación de las empresas.The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between training and innovation in industrial enterprises. It starts with an account of the factors that corresponding research has shown to be most strongly related to both business strategies. The empirical analysis is based on the outcome of a survey carried out in industries located in the Principality of Asturias with more than 30 employees. By means of logistic regression techniques we analyze the relations between certain aspects of training (level of coverage, detection of necessities, type of training, organization of training activities, evaluation and valuation of training) and innovative activities. The results show a strong association between both business practices, as well as significant differences in the implementation and valuation of training depending on the level of innovation in firms

La mirada sociológica hacia la alimentación: análisis crítico del desarrollo de la investigación en el campo alimentario

The Sociology of Food is a relatively new area of work which only in recent years has gained international scientific relevance as a discipline of study (Mennell, Murcotrt and van Otterloo, 1992; McIntosh, 1996; Beardsworth and Keil, 1997; Germov and Williams, 2000; Koc, Sumner and Wilson, 2012). The delay in the formation of a specific scientific body is the result of a combination of factors: the diversity of subjects, the methodological difficulties to face a multidimensional field of study, or the scarcity of comparative studies. This paper summarizes how sociology undertakes the study of food. We made a study of the scientific articles on food that have been published in the last 20 years in the journals of Sociology that appear in the Journal Citation Report. This paper allows us to present an overview of the studies on the Sociology of Food at the international level and to make some critical proposals as to their evolution. As a result, we may conclude that the Sociology of Food occupies a specific field of study, although it frequently overlaps the fields of Rural Sociology and Sociology of Consumption.La Sociología de la Alimentación es unárea de trabajo relativamente reciente que sólo en los últimos años ha cobradorelevancia científica internacional como disciplina de estudio (Mennell,Murcotrt and van Otterloo, 1992; McIntosh, 1996; Beardsworth and Keil, 1997;  Germov and Williams, 2000; Koc, Sumner andWilson; 2012). El retraso en la constitución de un cuerpo científico propio esresultado de un conjunto de factores: la diversidad de temáticas existentes,las dificultades metodológicas para afrontar un campo de naturalezamultidimensional o la escasez de estudios comparados explican, al  menos parcialmente, su posición académica.Este artículo resume la forma en que la sociología afronta el estudio de laalimentación. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio de las publicacionescientíficas de los últimos 20 años a través de los artículos sobre alimentaciónpublicados en las revistas de Sociología del Journal Citantion Report. Estetrabajo permite presentar la panorámica de los estudios de Sociología de la Alimentación  en el ámbito internacional y realizar algunaspropuestas críticas sobre su desarrollo. Tras este recorrido se puede afirmarque la  Sociología de la Alimentación cuentacon un ámbito de estudio propio, aunque con frecuencia se mueva en lasfronteras de la Sociología Rural y la Sociología del Consumo

Competencias para el empleo. Demandas de las empresas y medición de los desajustes

This article aims to analyze some of the methodological key principles to study employment competences. After reviewing the importance of the analysis of competences and the problem of their identifications, the article focuses on the empirical analysis of two basic dimensions of competences: its utility for the positions occupied by graduates, and the adjustments and mismatches between the education received at the university and the one required for the job. This analysis leads us to the conclusion that we should stay away from generalizations, which are all too frequent, simplifying and distorting reality, since both the utility of competences and the educational matches or mismatches vary to a large extent, depending on the concrete qualifications and the type of jobs that graduates obtain.El objetivo de este artículo es la exposición de algunos principios metodológicos clave en el estudio de las competencias para el empleo. Tras una revisión de la importancia que está cobrando en nuestros días el análisis de competencias y el problema de su identificación, el artículo se centra en el análisis empírico de dos dimensiones básicas de las competencias: su utilidad en los puestos de trabajo ocupados por los universitarios, y los ajustes y desajustes entre la formación recibida en la universidad y la demandada por el puesto. Este análisis nos permite concluir que se ha de huir de las generalizaciones, desgraciadamente muy frecuentes, que falsean y simplifican la realidad, ya que tanto la utilidad de las competencias como los ajustes o desajustes formativos varían en gran medida dependiendo de la titulación concreta y del tipo de empleos que consiguen los egresados

Homogeneidad y fragmentación en los hábitos alimentarios de los españoles. Una respuesta a través del análisis de los horarios, las relaciones y las normas alimentarias

The objective of this article is to contribute to the debate regarding the destructuring of eating practice in contemporary societies. The data used is taken from a nationwide survey on Spanish eating habits (ENHALI, 2012). The study examines the hypothesis of the destructuring of eating habits by analysing three concrete areas. The first of these is the destructuring of timetables. Secondly, the article examines whether there exists a process of defamilisation of eating habits. The third section discusses whether eating practice can be said to be anomic. After this study it can be affirmed that the synchrony of time, the importance given to sociability and adherence to the food standard present a more homogeneous than unstructured image of the eating habits of Spanish society

The Emergence of the "Conscious Consumer": An Analysis of Political Participation through Purchasing Decisions

Conscious consumers convert their buying habits into political habits, both through their individual actions and by participating in social movements, thus changing the market into a public arena and an area to practice democracy. In this article, we analyse what factors predict the behaviour of conscious consumers and of conscious consumers with a stable trajectory. In addition, we examine whether political consumerism resembles actions of civic engagement or other forms of political participation. The results indicate that the probability of becoming a conscious consumer is related to political participation and the resources acquired in the process of socialization

Morbimortalidad hospitalaria por enfermedad del legionario en España. Correlación estacional de la morbilidad con la temperatura ambiental

Objective: Spain has reported the highest incidence rates for Legionnaires' disease in Europe. The aim is to perform a descriptive epidemiological study about morbidity and hospital mortality for Legionnaires' disease, 2002-2006 as well as to study the geographical distribution in Autonomous Communities and determine the correlation between hospital morbidity an seasonal temperature.Methods: Data were mainly obtained from the minimum basic hospital discharge data set provided by the Ministry of Health and population figures from the National Statistics Institute. Statistical tests applied were: Kolmogorov, z- for two proportions, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson's correlation r.Results: The five-year average for Hospital Discharge Rate (HDR) was 2,5 per 100.000 inhabitants. The highest HDR was between 76-80 years age range. Male predominance was observed in all age ranges but 21-25. Median hospital length of stay was 8 days. The Autonomous Communities with the highest HDR were Navarre 6,6, Aragon 4,89, Basque Country 4,65, and Catalonia 4,6. An incidence peak was found in early autumn. The HDR correlated to environmental the temperature with a phase difference of two months. The five-year average of Case Fatality Rate (CFR) found was 0,15 per 100.000 population and lethality 6,17 % of hospitalisations.Conclusions: Legionnaires' disease is an endemic illness in Spain. This condition mainly affects males over the age of 71 years. The highest incidence corresponds to late summer and early autumn. The incidence of morbidity and mortality are different among various regions of Spain.Objetivo: España presenta una de las incidencias más elevadas en Europa de enfermedad del legionario. El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de la morbimortalidad hospitalaria por enfermedad del legionario entre 2002 y 2006 en España, así como analizar la distribución geográfica por comunidades autónomas (CC.AA.) y determinar la correlación de la morbilidad hospitalaria con la temperatura estacional.Métodos: Se han utilizado como fuentes, el Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos, del Ministerio de Sanidad, y datos poblacionales del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Los análisis estadísticos han aplicado las pruebas de Kolmogorov, z-proporciones, Kruskal-Wallis y r de Pearson.Resultados: La tasa de altas hospitalarias (TAH) en promedio quinquenal fue 2,5 por 100.000 habitantes y año. La máxima TAH se situó entre los 76-80 años. Existió predominio masculino en todos los rangos de edades excepto entre los 21-25 años. La mediana de estancia fue de ocho días. Las CC.AA. con mayores TAH fueron: Navarra 6,6; Aragón 4,89; País Vasco 4,65, y Cataluña 4,6. La máxima incidencia de TAH fue otoñal, correlacionándose con la temperatura ambiental desfasada en dos meses. La tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria (TMH) fue del 0,15 por 100.000 habitantes promedio quinquenal y la letalidad, del 6,17 %.Conclusiones: La legionelosis es una enfermedad endémica en España, que afecta fundamentalmente a varones de edad superior a 71 años. La máxima incidencia se sitúa al final de verano y principio de otoño. La incidencia de morbilidad y mortalidad es diferente entre las diversas regiones de España

Factors associated with 30-day readmission after hospitalisation for community-acquired pneumonia in older patients: a cross-sectional study in seven Spanish regions

Objective: Hospital readmission in patients admitted for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is frequent in the elderly and patients with multiple comorbidities, resulting in a clinical and economic burden. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with 30-day readmission in patients with CAP. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: The study was conducted in patients admitted to 20 hospitals in seven Spanish regions during two influenza seasons (2013-2014 and 2014-2015). Participants: We included patients aged ≥65 years admitted through the emergency department with a diagnosis compatible with CAP. Patients who died during the initial hospitalisation and those hospitalised more than 30 days were excluded. Finally, 1756 CAP cases were included and of these, 200 (11.39%) were readmitted. Main outcome measures: 30-day readmission. Results: Factors associated with 30-day readmission were living with a person aged 3 hospital visits during the 90 previous days (aOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.34), chronic respiratory failure (aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.45), heart failure (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.35), chronic liver disease (aOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.20 to 4.31) and discharge to home with home healthcare (aOR 5.61, 95% CI 1.70 to 18.50). No associations were found with pneumococcal or seasonal influenza vaccination in any of the three previous seasons. Conclusions: This study shows that 11.39% of patients aged ≥65 years initially hospitalised for CAP were readmitted within 30 days after discharge. Rehospitalisation was associated with preventable and non-preventable factor

LIF regulates CXCL9 in tumor-associated macrophages and prevents CD8+ T cell tumor-infiltration impairing anti-PD1 therapy

Càncer; Macròfags associats al tumor: LIF; CD8Cáncer; Macrófagos asociados al tumor; CD8Cancer; Tumor-associated macrophages; CD8Cancer response to immunotherapy depends on the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and the presence of tumor-associated macrophages within tumors. Still, little is known about the determinants of these factors. We show that LIF assumes a crucial role in the regulation of CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration, while promoting the presence of protumoral tumor-associated macrophages. We observe that the blockade of LIF in tumors expressing high levels of LIF decreases CD206, CD163 and CCL2 and induces CXCL9 expression in tumor-associated macrophages. The blockade of LIF releases the epigenetic silencing of CXCL9 triggering CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration. The combination of LIF neutralizing antibodies with the inhibition of the PD1 immune checkpoint promotes tumor regression, immunological memory and an increase in overall survival