Biological and Biochemical Bases of Pesticides Resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Several arthropod species are important vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans, animals, and plants, including protozoa, nematodes, bacteria, and viruses. Arthropods are also pests competing with humans for food and parasitize farm animals, decreasing their productivity. Historically, arthropod pests and disease vectors affecting public health, crop yields, and livestock production have been managed through the intensive use of pesticides. The widespread use of pesticides is a major problem because most of the economically important arthropod species have developed resistance to currently used pesticides. The impact of pesticide resistance is multifactorial and involves losses due to the heavy use of pesticides, environmental pollution, decreased profitability, food contamination, and public health problems due to pesticide exposure. An indirect consequence of pesticide resistance is the mortality caused by arthropod-borne diseases such as dengue and malaria in humans and babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle. The understanding of molecular mechanisms and adaptations to resistance in arthropods is an important issue. However, the molecular mechanisms of pesticide resistance remain to be fully understood. Understanding of resistance mechanisms will contribute significantly to improve integrated managements programs and to discover new targets for vaccine development to mitigate the effects of pesticide-resistant arthropods on agriculture and public health

Consideraciones éticas en las relaciones clínicas difíciles

Entre los problemas que más dudas éticas y legales plantean en la práctica clínica diaria están esas situaciones difíciles generadas por los problemas derivados de las bajas laborales, por aquellos pacientes con los que se ha roto la relación de confianza, pero no quieren cambiarse de médico y la atención sanitaria a los inmigrantes que acuden a la consulta sin mediador ni intérprete

The game as a didactic resource for mathematics at the university. Experience in several Engineering Degrees

ABSTRACT: This work presents the results from a teaching innovation project focused on the inclusion of simple games, combined with Information and Communication Technologies and group dynamics, as a support tool in the learning of seven subjects in the field of Mathematics, taught in the first courses of different Degrees of Engineering. The participating teaching team has verified that the proposed methodology increases the motivation and active participation of the students, who have highlighted the usefulness of the implemented games in their learning process.RESUMEN: Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un proyecto de innovación docente centrado en la inclusión de juegos sencillos, combinados con Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación y dinámicas de grupo, como herramienta de apoyo en el aprendizaje de siete asignaturas de Matemáticas impartidas en los primeros cursos de Grado de distintas Ingenierías. El equipo docente participante ha comprobado que la metodología propuesta incrementa la motivación y la participación activa de los alumnos, quienes han resaltado la utilidad de los juegos implementados en su proceso de aprendizaje

ENSO-Driven skill of ENSEMBLES STREAM 2 multimodel seasonal precipitation hindcasts over the globe

Trabajo presentado al European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2010 celebrado en Viena (Austria) del 2 al 7 de Mayo de 2010.Seasonal forecasting is a promising research field with enormous potential impact in different socio-economic sectors. The ability to forecast unusual climate conditions such as droughts or hot spells a few months in advance is particularly interesting in agriculture, energy requirements and other human affairs in order to avoid severe consequences. This study assesses the skill of state-of-the-art seasonal forecast considering five coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models from the Stream 2 multimodel experiment of the European ENSEMBLES Project. The methodology applied by Frías et al 2010 over Spain is here extended to the world to present a map of regions with a significant seasonal predictability related to ENSO. To this aim, seven month hindcast simulations produced four times per year (November, February, May and August initializations) in the period 1961-2000 are analyzed. In a first step, validations are carried out separately for each season; winter (DJF), spring (MAM), summer (JJA) and autumn (SON), considering both one and four-months lead time predictions (e.g. initializations of November and August are considered for winter). Then, since ENSO is considered to globally dominate interannual climate variability, the same process is repeated, but restricting validations exclusively to the years of the strongest El Niño and La Niña events.Peer reviewe

Integrated Management of the Cattle Tick <em>Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus</em> (Acari: Ixodidae) and the Acaricide Resistance Mitigation

Resistance to insecticides is one of the major obstacles to the control of agricultural pests, as well as species important to human and veterinary health. The World Health Organization has called insecticide resistance “the great little obstacle against vector-borne diseases”. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most important vector, transmitting diseases to cattle such as anaplasmosis and babesiosis. These diseases cause great economic losses that significantly increased because of the appearance of tick populations resistant to acaricides, as a result of the intensive use of pesticides. Resistance to ixodicides in Latin America is a growing problem, since control of disease-transmitting ticks, depends heavily on the use of pesticides. In Mexico, the resistance of R. microplus to organophosphate compounds, pyrethroids, and recently amidines, has been detected in some areas, affected by multiple acaricide resistance to the three families of ixodicides. The cattle tick R. microplus in addition to the great ecological impact represents the most expensive pest for livestock in Mexico, since the producers are directly affected by this tick, due to the decrease in the production of meat, milk and damage to the skin, as well as the indirect damage, such as the transmission of diseases, including Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis, which, in turn, represents a serious limitation for the introduction of specialized cattle in endemic areas. Therefore, the use of integrated management programs is a mandatory issue that should be implemented in all those areas affected by this parasite

Boophilus microplus: biological and molecular aspects of acaricide resistance and their impact on animal health

[ES]: La aplicación de ixodicidas durante mucho tiempo ha sido la alternativa de elección para el control de la garrapata Boophilus microplus, sin embargo, actualmente el uso de los ixodicidas tiene una eficacia limitada en la reducción de las infestaciones debido al desarrollo de poblaciones de garrapatas resistes. La resistencia a ixodicidas es un problema creciente que necesita ser atendido, por que en este momento está afectando la competitividad de la ganadería y la economía de miles de productores en México. La solución de este problema requiere de la implementación de programas de investigación que coadyuven a dilucidar los mecanismos moleculares de la resistencia con el fin de encontrar nuevos blancos moleculares para el diagnóstico y para el desarrollo de vacunas recombinantes. El uso reciente de nuevas herramientas genómicas y los enfoques de genética reversa, son una extraordinaria herramienta que podría ayudar en el descubrimiento de nuevos genes de interés diagnóstico ó imunoprofiláctico, contribuyendo así al mejoramiento de las estrategias de control de garrapatas y los programas de mitigación de la resistencia a ixodicidas. El propósito de esta revisión es compilar diferentes tópicos actuales relacionados con la biología de las garrapatas, resistencia a los ixodicidas, y las perspectivas de la investigación genómica en la garrapata Boophilus microplus, iniciando con algunas consideraciones biológicas y moleculares acerca de la nueva clasificación de este ectoparásito, hasta el análisis de la resistencia a los ixodicidas, su impacto en la industria ganadera en México y la aplicación de la genómica en la solución de problemas asociados con el control de las garrapatas mediante el diseño de nuevos métodos diagnósticos así como el desarrollo de vacunas contra garrapatas.[EN]: The application of Ixodicides has been considered for a long time the alternative for control of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, however, its use is currently limited in reducing tick infestations, due to the appearance of resistant field tick populations. Ixodicide resistance is a growing problem that needs to be attended, because, it is currently affecting the competitiveness of the Mexican cattle industry in general and in particular the income of cattle producers. The solution to this problem needs to increase the budget dedicated to basic research in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ixodicide resistance leading to the discovery of new molecular targets for ixodicide resistance detection and recombinant vaccine development. The recent use of new genomic tools, as well as reverse genetics approaches, will provide an extraordinary contribution to the improvement of tick control strategies and ixodicide resistance mitigation programs. The aim of the present review is to make a compilation of different topics related with acaricide resistance in the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, starting with some biological and molecular considerations on its new classification, to the analysis of ixodicide resistance, its impact on the Mexican cattle industry and the perspective of the genomic research in order to solve the problems associated to tick control, new diagnostic tools and development of tick vaccines.Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca otorgada a la MC Delia Inés Domínguez García inscrita en el programa doctoral de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Este trabajo fue parcialmente financiado por el proyecto 90195 del programa de CONACYT de apoyos complementarios otorgado a Dr. Rodrigo Rosario Cruz.Peer Reviewe

Ovulatory Response of Weaned Sows to an Altered Ratio of Exogenous Gonadotrophins

[EN] At weaning, 33 mixed parity Hypor sows received either an injection of 400 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin and 200 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (PG600; n = 13), PG600 with an additional 200 IU hCG 24 h later (Gn800; n = 11), or served as non-injected controls (n = 9). All gonadotrophin treated sows received an injection of 750 IU hCG at 80 h after weaning to induce ovulation (designated as time 0 h). At 0, 24, 36, 40, 44, 48, and 60 h, all sows were subject to transrectal ultrasonography to determine numbers and sizes of large (>6 mm) follicles and time of ovulation. The interval from injection of 750 IU hCG to ovulation was shorter in Gn800 compared to PG600 sows (p = 0.02), and more Gn800 sows had ≥9 preovulatory follicles compared to PG600 and controls (p = 0.02 and 0.003, respectively). Follicular cysts were evident in both PG600 and Gn800 sows.SIThis work was supported by California State University Agriculture Research Institute (Grants 58982 and 58909), and CalPoly internal funding programs Baker/Koob and RSCA.We gratefully acknowledge Merck Animal Health, for financial support and the provision of PG600 and Chorulon

Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Jumping, Sprinting and Force-Velocity Profiling in Resistance-Trained Women: A Preliminary Study

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the menstrual cycle on vertical jumping, sprint performance and force-velocity profiling in resistance-trained women. A group of resistancetrained eumenorrheic women (n = 9) were tested in three phases over the menstrual cycle: bleeding phase, follicular phase, and luteal phase (i.e., days 1–3, 7–10, and 19–21 of the cycle, respectively). Each testing phase consisted of a battery of jumping tests (i.e., squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump from a 30 cm box [DJ30], and the reactive strength index) and 30 m sprint running test. Two different applications for smartphone (My Jump 2 and My Sprint) were used to record the jumping and sprinting trials, respectively, at high speed (240 fps). The repeated measures ANOVA reported no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05, ES < 0.25) in CMJ, DJ30, reactive strength index and sprint times between the different phases of the menstrual cycle. A greater SJ height performance was observed during the follicular phase compared to the bleeding phase (p = 0.033, ES = −0.22). No differences (p ≥ 0.05, ES < 0.45) were found in the CMJ and sprint force-velocity profile over the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Vertical jump, sprint performance and the force-velocity profiling remain constant in trained women, regardless of the phase of the menstrual cycle.Pre-competitive Projects for Early Stage Researchers Programme from the University of Granada (ref: PPJIA2020.03

Further insights in trichothiodistrophy: a clinical, microscopic, and ultrastructural study of 20 cases and literature review

Background: Trichothiodistrophy (TTD) is a rare autosomal recessive condition that is characterized by a specific congenital hair shaft dysplasia caused by deficiency of sulfur associated with a wide spectrum of multisystem abnormalities. In this article, we study clinical, microscopic, and ultrastructural findings of 20 patients with TTD with the aim to add further insights regarding to this rare condition. Additionally, analyses of our results are compared with those extracted from the literature in order to enhance its comprehensibility. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases of TTD were included: 7 from Mexico and 14 from Spain. Clinical, microscopic, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies and X-ray microanalysis (XrMa) were carried out in all of them. Genetic studies were performed in all seven Mexican cases. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and xeroderma pigmentosum/TTD-complex were excluded. Results: Cuticular changes and longitudinal crests of the hair shaft were demonstrated. These crests were irregular, disorganized, following the hair longest axis. Hair shaft sulfur deficiency was disposed discontinuously and intermittently rather than uniformly. This severe decrease of sulfur contents was located close to the trichoschisis areas. Only five patients did not show related disturbances. Micro-dolichocephaly was observed in five cases and represented the most frequent facial dysmorphism found. It is also remarkable that all patients with urologic malformations also combined diverse neurologic disorders. Moreover, three Mexican sisters demonstrated the coexistence of scarce pubic vellus hair, developmental delay, onychodystrophy, and maxillar/mandibullar hypoplasia. Conclusions: TTD phenotype has greatly varied from very subtle forms to severe alterations such as neurologic abnormalities, blindness, lamellar ichthyosis and gonadal malformations. Herein, a multisystem study should be performed mandatorily in patients diagnosed with TTD