mRNA export: threading the needle

After mRNA biogenesis, several proteins interact with the messenger to ensure its proper export to the cytoplasm. Some of these proteins will bind RNA early on, at the onset of transcription by RNA polymerase II holoenzyme, while others will join later for downstream processing steps, such as poly-adenylation or splicing, or may direct mRNA ribonucleoprotein particle migration to the nucleopore. We recently discovered that Arabidopsis plant knockout for the protein MOS11 (MODIFIER OF SNC1, 11) partially suppresses autoimmune responses observed in the TNL-type [TIR/NBS/LRR (Toll-interleukin-like receptor/nucleotide-binding site/C-terminal leucine-rich repeat)] R gene gain-of-function variant snc1 (suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1). This suppression of resistance to pathogens appears to be caused by a decrease in nuclear mRNA export in mos11-1 snc1 plants. In humans, the putative ortholog of MOS11, CIP29 (29-kDa cytokine-induced protein), interacts with three proteins that are also involved in mRNA export: DDX39 (DEAD-box RNA helicase), TAF15 of the FUS family (FUSED IN SARCOMA), and ALY (ALWAYS EARLY), a protein implicated in mRNA export in mammalian systems. These proteins have received very little attention in plants. Here, we will discuss their particularities and role in mRNA export and biotic stress

Use of Locally Food Attractants for Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The high price of commercial products against pests impose small farmers to use a locally available baits against C.capitata that is the most fruit fly in our country. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of food-based attractants for the capture of C. capitata as well as their selectivity on the populations of beneficial arthropods. we tested some local fermentation products compared to commercial lures (CeraTrap®). Four attractants were evaluated in two peach orchads. Field evaluations show that local fermentation products, particularly the red wine solution outperformed other food-based attractants. However, the average of fruit damage was differed between the four attractants and it was high in the border than in the center of each attractants plot. These attractants also were selective, capturing few beneficial arthropods. It will be necessary to focus our research on how to optimally employ such a trap in conjunction or alternative with other control techniques to drive concerted and integrated pest management due to its low environmental impacts and selectivity toward beneficial insects

Hypothèses et réflexions sur la dégradation des écosystèmes forestiers dans la région de Tlemcen (Algérie)

Les écosystèmes forestiers de la région de Tlemcen sont tous dégradés, à 20 ha près. L'article montre comment s'évalue cette dégradation et envisage quelles en sont les causes (climat, homme ?)

PHYLOGENETIC ORIGIN OF FIVE ALGERIAN SHEEP BREEDS

In order to perform a phylogeny study of five Algerian sheep breeds, a sample of 26 animals belonging to Algerian sheep breeds was analysed. Multiple alignment of mitochondrial sequences was performed after the introduction of other highly similar mitochondrial sequences from different regions of the world. 20 different haplotypes were observed, with a nucleotide diversity of 0.60863 and a haplotype diversity of 0.932. The evolutionary history deduced from the study of genetic distances, and phylogeny based on the maximum likelihood model, showed that these five local breeds belong to the mixture of the two world haplogroups (A and B)

An experimental and theoretical study into nitric oxide production at elevated pressures and temperatures

An investigation has been carried out into the formation of nitric oxide in high pressure combustion environments. Experiments have been conducted using a constant volume combustion bomb, which enabled the effect of pressure to be decoupled from the effect of temperature. Experiments have also been performed using a single cylinder spark-ignition engine to provide data for comparison. A thermodynamic and multi-reaction chemical kinetics model has been developed to calculate burned gas temperatures and NO concentrations. The model has been used to assess the effects of thermochemical data, kinetic rate data, radical concentrations and various chemical reactions on predicted NO concentrations, and the results have been compared to measured NO data. A search of the literature revealed that existing models describing NO formation in engines often fail to predict measured concentrations of NO, especially under high load conditions. Although the effect of pressure on NO formation has previously been subject to theoretical study, the mechanisms of NO formation at high pressure remain subject to uncertainty and in some cases empirical modifications to theoretical data have been used to obtain agreement with experimental results. The combustion bomb experimental results showed clear evidence that an increase in pressure causes a decrease in NO concentrations under lean conditions. However, this effect was not observed in the engine owing to the high temperatures that were generated under high load conditions. It was found that the pressure effect was less significant under stoichiometric and rich conditions in the combustion bomb. The model showed that the commonly-used extended Zeldovich mechanism was unable to accurately predict NO concentrations in non-stoichiometric conditions in either the bomb or the engine. It was found that the time evolution of temperature had a significant effect on calculated NO emissions, with high temperatures at the end of combustion generating much higher NO concentrations than high temperatures earlier in the combustion process. An existing comprehensive model of NO kinetics, the super-extended Zeldovich mechanism, has been subject to a sensitivity study which found that only a small number of reactions play a significant role in NO formation and destruction under the conditions tested here. calculations showed that reactions involving N02 made a significant contribution to NO formation and destruction under lean conditions, and accurately predicted NO concentrations under lean conditions in the bomb. However, the same reactions were found to accelerate NO formation in the engine.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Desempenho do crescimento de cabritos Arbia sob sistema intensivo em Setif, Argélia

The growth of 81 indigenous Arbia goat kids reared in an intensive system in Setif in northeastern Algeria was observed between birth and 70 days of age. The kids were dam-raised during the first month and then provided with 150 g/head/day of a total mixed ration and oat hay. The kids’ live weights were assessed at fasting and at different ages: 0, 10, 21, 30, 42, 60, and 70 days. The average daily gains (ADG) were also calculated. Growth results were presented for all kids by sex and litter size. The average birth weight was W0 = 2.53±0.19 kg, while the average weight at 70 days was W70 = 10.1±1.54 kg, which correspond to an overall daily weight gain of ADG0-70 = 108±21 g/day. The study showed that birth weight was affected by litter size, while growth after birth was mainly affected by sex. Birth weights were similar between males and females, but males grew faster (p<0.001) after birth. Single kids were heavier (p<0.05) than twins at 70 days of age, which is the consequence of a heavier birth weight and a faster growth rate in the first 10 days after birth (ADG0-10). After 10 days, litter size did not affect ADG. Compared to other indigenous populations, Arbia goat kids demonstrated valuable growth potential for meat production.O crescimento de cabritos indígenas da Arbia criados sob um sistema de alto insumo foi investigado em 81 cabritos desde o nascimento até os 70 dias de idade na região de Setif, no nordeste da Argélia. A alimentação foi baseada no leite da mãe durante o primeiro mês de idade; em seguida, foram fornecidos 150 g/cabeça/dia de uma ração mista total e feno de aveia. O peso vivo dos cabritos foi medido em jejum em diferentes idades: 0, 10 21, 30, 42, 60 e 70 dias, respectivamente. Também foram calculados os ganhos médios diários (GMD). Os resultados de desempenho de crescimento foram expressos para todos os cabritos, por sexo e tamanho da ninhada. O peso médio ao nascer foi P0 = 2,53 ± 0,19 kg, enquanto o peso médio aos 70 dias foi P70 = 10,1 ± 1,54 kg, o que corresponde a um ganho de peso diário global GMD0-70 = 108 ± 21 g/dia. O estudo mostrou que o peso ao nascer foi afetado pelo tamanho da ninhada, enquanto o crescimento após o nascimento foi afetado principalmente pelo sexo. De fato, o peso ao nascer foi semelhante entre machos e fêmeas, mas após o nascimento os machos crescem mais rapidamente (p<0,001). Os animais nascidos de partos simples eram mais pesados ​​(p<0,05) do que de partos gemelares aos 70 dias de idade, consequência do peso maior ao nascer e de uma taxa de crescimento mais rápida até os 10 dias de idade (GMD0-10). A partir de 10 dias, o tamanho da ninhada não afetou o GMD. O desempenho dos cabritos da Arbia mostrou um potencial de crescimento valioso para a produção de carne quando comparado a outras populações de cabras indígenas

Camel herds' reproductive performance in Algeria: objectives and thresholds in extreme arid conditions

Abstract A survey was carried out for evaluating camel herd's fertility and fecundity under Algerian extreme arid conditions. Progeny History Testing data obtained from 14 camel herds (78 females and 20 males) were analyzed and compared with standard objectives and thresholds. The age at first rut, the first oestrus, first male and female mating (months ± SD) were 37.2 ± 16.29, 31.07 ± 8.97, 42.6 ± 14.28 and 35.52 ± 8.55, respectively. The birth conception interval, open days, age at first calving and calving interval were 40.35 ± 9.41 months, 340 ± 203 days, 51.05 ± 9.59 months and 22.32 ± 5.63 months. The mean male to female ratio was 1:40. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 21.81 ± 16.4 (days) post-mating and the duration of pregnancy was on average 12.80 ± 0.30 months. The mean herd's annual fertility was 56.2 ± 6.6%; the mean culling age of males per herd was 15.30 ± 2.47 years whereas females were culled at 23.31 ± 5.64 years with a mean number of 5.23 ± 2.91 lactations. The observed reproductive traits were acceptable when compared to the fixed objectives for pastoral livestock. However, all the considered herds showed annual fertility out of threshold. The lack of significant strategy to improve age at first calving, calving interval and reasoned use of dromedary bulls, is likely to affect fertility and productivity of Algerian camel herds. Such negative trend could hamper the genetic improvement of autochthonous camel ecotypes and compromise the camel sector and the ecosystemic services provided by local cameleers

Study of the Molecular Biodiversity of the Saharan Bread Wheat in Algeria

Climate change has significantly affected wheat yield. Many studies have suggested that rising temperatures could be harmful to cereals around the world. Thus, the valorization of the desert wheat resources is essential to improve the resistance of this species to climate change. In this context, twenty-eight different local Saharan bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) genotypes were described using ten preselected SSR markers. The tested SSRs produced a total number of 20 alleles with an allelic size ranged from 100 pb (WMC261) to 400 pb (WMC257). The allele frequency varied from 0.1 for the allele 230 pb (WMC156) to 1 for the alleles 187 pb, 310 pb (WMC97, WMC168). Likewise, the PIC values ranged from 0 (WMC97, WMC168) to 0.5 (WMC327, WMC233), with an average of 0.34 and the observed heterozygosity (Ho) from 0 to 0.88, with an average of 0.55. The molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed the highest level of intra-population differentiation of local Saharan bread wheat (97%) and the statistical geometric distributions based on PCoA, NJ method and structure analysis confirmed the existence of four major classes of bread wheat. These results substantiate the previous researches based on the morphological markers and contribute for the first time in Algeria to create the genetic fingerprint of the Saharan bread wheat resources and to valorize their drought resistance potential through breeding programs