Les oasis de Tozeur et Chenini Gabès : diversité et durabilité des formes de valorisation à l'ère de la mondialisation et des crises du développement

International audienceContradictory dynamics today characterize oasis farming in southern Tunisia. On the one side the consolidation of a corporate sector of export-oriented production of Deglet Nour dates is associated with the marginalization of a significant fraction of small farms drawing on the model of diversified oasis agriculture. On the other side, we observe the emergence of new forms of valorization of oasis resources, often linked to tourism and oriented towards meeting the demand of an essentially international clientele. Deployed by individual or associative actors, these new practices are part of efforts to preserve the environment of the oases, enhance its landscape and promote the quality and variety of its products. Based on the results of field surveys conducted with farmers, associative and institutional actors between 2011 and 2013, this paper assesses the social and economic sustainability of these emerging practices of oasis resources valorization and analyzes their implications for the territories concerned

Rethinking Political Inclusion Beyond Moderation: Strategic Relational Pluralization in Tunisian Islamist Politics

This article explores the complex dynamics shaping the integration of the Tunisian Islamist party Ennahdha into the instituted political game. Drawing on a strategic relational approach, the analysis highlights the simultaneous, mutually reactive, and often conflicting relationships of Ennahdha party with three types of actors: political secular forces (allied or antagonist), political and religious Salafi actors, and faith-based associations. Based on extensive field research and 33 in-depth interviews conducted with key players involved, we propose to capture these dynamics at the macro (regime), meso (organizations), and micro levels, through the notion of strategic pluralization, by which we mean a reconfiguration of Ennahdha’s relations with various Islamic actors under the pressure of secular forces. Going beyond institutional-structural approaches and monolithic interpretations of the Islamist constellation, we argue that Ennahdha’s integration in relational economies has formed the basis of the party’s strategy to secure its political Rethinking Political Inclusion Beyond Moderation: Strategic Relational Pluralization in Tunisian Islamist Politicsinclusion in the post-revolutionary scene

Crise hydraulique et inégalités face au risque Recherche préliminaire

International audienceComme l'ont montré les débats au cours du forum international sur l'eau à Kyoto (16-20 mars 2003) et les décisions récentes (sommet du millénaire, septembre 2000, Joannesburg, septembre 2002), l'eau est un enjeu stratégique mondial, principalement en raison du risque accru de raréfaction et de contamination de cette ressource vitale. Cette question du risque prend une dimension supplémentaire en Méditerranée, où les aléas climatiques renforcent la prégnance de la crise et où l'inégale répartition des ressources, et donc des pénuries, contribue à accroître la concurrence entre l'irrigation agricole, aujourd'hui dominante, et les besoins domestiques et urbains en constante augmentation. Dans ce contexte, la recherche à l'initiative du Ladyss a pour objectif, grâce à une meilleure articulation entre sciences sociales et sciences du milieu, d'apporter des connaissances nouvelles sur la perception du risque lié à la pratique de l'irrigation agricole dans sa dimension sociale locale. Elle vise en particulier à comprendre comment les agriculteurs irrigants identifient et hiérarchisent les problèmes que font surgir la crise hydraulique et l'expérience croissante et concomitante d'un risque environnemental. Concernant quatre pays de la rive nord et de la rive sud de la Méditerranée, elle s'attache à mieux cerner en quoi de nouvelles approches de la question hydraulique génèrent des dispositifs de gestion plus complexes et propose une évaluation critique des expériences de gestion dite participative des ressources en eau, notamment de leur rôle dans la minimisation ou l'aggravation des risques et des inégalités liés à l'irrigatio

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Processes of liberalization and family farm restructuring in Tunisia

International audienceIn Tunisia, as in many countries, movements of economic restructuring and shifts in state policies have been manifested in major transformations in the organization of agricultural production and in patterns of rural livelihoods. Structural adjustement policies, adopted in 1986 have been expressed in cuts in farm subsidies, agricultural price liberalization, and the reorganization of the farm credit system. They have significantly altered the economic environment of farming activities. At the household level, processes of restructuring have been manifested in important shifts in farm production patterns, as well as in the work strategies of family members. Based on a survey of 60 farm households of the village of Bir Mcherga in a semi-arid region of northern Tunisia, this paper analyses the dynamics of farm restructuring from the perspective of the changing socio-economic strategies of family farm households. Exploring the diverse ways in which farm households members negotiate their changing access to economic resources, reorganize their farming activities and reallocate family labor, the paper also draws attention of the new patterns of social differentiation among family farms brought about by processes of liberalization and commoditization

“Quel président pour quelle Tunisie ?”

International audienc

Les inégalités socio-territoriales aux origines de la révolution tunisienne : défis du développement, enjeux pour la recherche

National audienc

Les bouleversements sociopolitiques post-2011 dans le monde arabe au prisme du genre

International audienc