34 research outputs found

    Characterization and control of wet-mix sprayed concrete with accelerators

    Get PDF
    The development of the wet-mix system and the use of the sprayed concrete as a part of the new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM) marked an increase in the use and in the structural responsibility of the material, with special importance in underground construction. Nowadays, sprayed concrete is used in many applications with clear structural responsibility and an ever-growing pressure for the use of environmentally materials is observed. To cope with these trends, new cements and accelerators are developed. The use of new materials creates a special type of sprayed concrete. Moreover, the requirement of thinner layers lead to an increase in the level of stress applied and, consequently, in the structural requirements. Also the lack of standardization in the international instructions and the poor quality control of the material are current drawbacks of the use of sprayed concrete. Therefore, it is obvious that more studies are still needed to achieve an optimized design with the new materials. The general objective of this dissertation is to provide a characterization of wet-mix sprayed concrete with new accelerators and to propose methods for the control of the material. The objective is divided in five different subjects. The first subject considered is the characterization at different levels of mixes with different types of cement and accelerators in laboratory conditions. The results obtained show the differences in behavior of several alkali-free accelerators depending on the type of cement in terms of short and long term properties. The second subject focuses on the adaptation of the UNE-EN 196:2005 for thequality control of mortar mixes with accelerators. An adapted test procedure and new limits for the statistical verification of the results were proposed in order to simplify the comparison between mixes. The third subject covers the correlation between cement paste/mortar and sprayed concrete properties. A large database is used to identify the parameters measured that present the best correlation with each other. The curves and the confident areas obtained allow the simplified estimation of the properties of sprayed concrete based on the results obtained in a small scale with cement pastes and mortars. The fourth subject concerns the indirect estimation of the modulus of elasticity of sprayed concrete using as a reference the compressive strength of the material. The suitability of the equations from different codes and instructions were evaluated showing a poor fit with the experimental results. Therefore, an empirical and a semi-analytical equation were proposed to estimate the modulus of elasticity of the sprayed concrete considering its singular characteristics. Finally, the last subject focuses on the development of an alternative control procedure at sprayed concrete level. For that, finite elements models are used to derive correlations between the calorimetric curves and the evolution of temperature of the sprayed concrete layer with different thickness and types of ground. Considering this, the maturity method is adapted to allow a continuous on site indirect estimation of the mechanical properties of the material.El desarrollo del sistema de proyecci贸n de la v铆a h煤meda y el uso del hormig贸n proyectado en el nuevo m茅todo austr铆aco de construcci贸n de t煤neles (NATM) ha marcado un incremento del uso y de la contribuci贸n estructural del material, con especial inter茅s en la construcci贸n subterr谩nea. Hoy en d铆a, el hormig贸n proyectado se utiliza en muchas aplicaciones con clara responsabilidad estructural, observ谩ndose una presi贸n creciente que implica el uso de materiales sostenibles. Bas谩ndose en estas nuevas tendencias, se est谩n desarrollando nuevos cementos y acelerantes. El uso de nuevos materiales crea un tipo especial de hormig贸n proyectado. Adem谩s, el requerimiento de capas m谩s finas involucra elevar los niveles de tensi贸n aplicadas y, en consecuencia, en las exigencias estructurales. Adem谩s, la falta de estandarizaci贸n en las instrucciones internacionales y el pobre control de calidad del material son inconvenientes para el uso del hormig贸n proyectado. De esta manera, es obvio que se necesitan m谩s estudios para conseguir una optimizaci贸n del dise帽o y dosificaci贸n del hormig贸n proyectado con estos nuevos materiales. El objetivo general de esta tesis es caracterizar el hormig贸n proyectado por v铆a h煤meda con nuevos acelerantes y proponer m茅todos para el control del material. El objetivo se divide en 5 temas. El primero es la caracterizaci贸n a distintos niveles de dosificaciones con diferentes tipos de cemento y acelerante en condiciones de laboratorio. Los resultados obtenidos presentan las diferencias en el comportamiento de distintas mezclas con acelerantes libres de 谩lcali dependiendo del tipo de cemento a cortas y largas edades. El segundo tema se centra en la adaptaci贸n de la norma UNE-EN 196:2005 para el control de calidad de morteros mezclados con acelerante. En este sentido, se dan los nuevos procesos de fabricaci贸n y nuevos l铆mites estad铆sticos de verificaci贸n con el fin de simplificar la comparaci贸n entre mezclas estudiadas. El tercer tema trata la correlaci贸n entre las propiedades de los hormigones proyectados y las pastas de cemento y morteros. Una amplia base de datos se utiliza para identificar par谩metros estudiados para medir su correlaci贸n entre el resto. As铆 se obtienen curvas y 谩reas de confianza que permiten simplificar la estimaci贸n de las propiedades del hormig贸n proyectado en base a los resultados obtenidos a niveles de pastas de cemento y morteros. El cuarto tema concierne la estimaci贸n indirecta del m贸dulo de deformaci贸n del hormig贸n proyectado utilizando como referencia la resistencia a compresi贸n. La estimaci贸n utilizando las ecuaciones que se encuentran en distintos c贸digos e instrucciones presenta mala correlaci贸n con los resultados experimentales. De este modo se presentan ecuaciones adaptadas teniendo en cuenta aspectos singulares del hormig贸n proyectado para ser usadas. Finalmente, se trata el desarrollo de un control de calidad alternativo a nivel de hormig贸n proyectado. Para eso, un MEF se utiliza para correlacionar las curvas de evoluci贸n de temperatura y las de generaci贸n de calor de las capas de hormig贸n proyectado con distintos espesores y tipos de suelo. Considerando esto, el m茅todo de maduraci贸n es adaptado para estimar de manera continua en el tiempo las propiedades mec谩nicas del material

    Estudio relativo a la caracterizaci贸n de aditivos acelerantes para hormig贸n proyectado por v铆a h煤meda

    Get PDF
    En el contexto del proceso constructivo de obras de hormig贸n resulta de especial inter茅s, desde un punto de vista econ贸mico, la conjunci贸n de dos etapas del proceso, colocaci贸n y compactaci贸n, en una sola acci贸n. Esta caracter铆stica la cumple perfectamente el hormig贸n proyectado. En esta t茅cnica la propia puesta en obra incluye el proceso de compactaci贸n. Esto se consigue mediante la proyecci贸n a alta velocidad del material y aire a presi贸n. La proyecci贸n del hormig贸n tiene tambi茅n inconvenientes, como por ejemplo el rebote del hormig贸n una vez proyectado, o la disminuci贸n de la adherencia de los 谩ridos que conforman el hormig贸n. Por este motivo se est谩 estudiando la manera de reducir estos inconvenientes y una de las soluciones m谩s eficaces es el uso del aditivo acelerante. De aqu铆 su importancia y el porqu茅 del presente estudio. Tras la realizaci贸n de este estudio se ha observado que las caracter铆sticas de los aditivos acelerantes libres de 谩lcali son similares a las de los aditivos acelerantes basados en aluminatos, pero la similitud en las caracter铆sticas se consigue con una mayor cantidad de acelerante libre de 谩lcali respecto el contenido del acelerante basado en aluminatos. Adem谩s, con el estudio de diferentes familias de aditivos acelerantes libres de 谩lcalis, se ha observado que la variaci贸n de los 谩cidos que componen los aditivos, tienen diferentes efectos en las caracter铆sticas de cada uno de ellos

    Estudio relativo a la caracterizaci贸n de aditivos acelerantes para hormig贸n proyectado por v铆a h煤meda

    Get PDF
    En el contexto del proceso constructivo de obras de hormig贸n resulta de especial inter茅s, desde un punto de vista econ贸mico, la conjunci贸n de dos etapas del proceso, colocaci贸n y compactaci贸n, en una sola acci贸n. Esta caracter铆stica la cumple perfectamente el hormig贸n proyectado. En esta t茅cnica la propia puesta en obra incluye el proceso de compactaci贸n. Esto se consigue mediante la proyecci贸n a alta velocidad del material y aire a presi贸n. La proyecci贸n del hormig贸n tiene tambi茅n inconvenientes, como por ejemplo el rebote del hormig贸n una vez proyectado, o la disminuci贸n de la adherencia de los 谩ridos que conforman el hormig贸n. Por este motivo se est谩 estudiando la manera de reducir estos inconvenientes y una de las soluciones m谩s eficaces es el uso del aditivo acelerante. De aqu铆 su importancia y el porqu茅 del presente estudio. Tras la realizaci贸n de este estudio se ha observado que las caracter铆sticas de los aditivos acelerantes libres de 谩lcali son similares a las de los aditivos acelerantes basados en aluminatos, pero la similitud en las caracter铆sticas se consigue con una mayor cantidad de acelerante libre de 谩lcali respecto el contenido del acelerante basado en aluminatos. Adem谩s, con el estudio de diferentes familias de aditivos acelerantes libres de 谩lcalis, se ha observado que la variaci贸n de los 谩cidos que componen los aditivos, tienen diferentes efectos en las caracter铆sticas de cada uno de ellos

    Robotic simulation of textile as concrete reinforcement and formwork.

    Get PDF
    New possibilities of concrete constructions in architecture, the traditional formwork can be gradually replaced by the use of flexible textile. At the same time textile reinforcement combined with fabric formwork, introduces an innovative integrated solution in the fabrication of concrete. Based on a simple understanding of the textile weaving and knitting techniques, this project concentrates on the architectural production and the structural optimization of the textile as both concrete reinforcement and formwork. Furthermore, we present a robotic simulation of the process that develops using a series of computational experiments to research the sequence of weaving and/or knitting. Through the computational process and the design simulations, the research is firmly rooted in analog and digital exploration of material and its implementation in architecture, with particular emphasis on the convergence of robotics and computation. Note that the paper deals mainly with the software and weaving simulation as part of a larger research project, without dealing with the production of physical artefacts

    Comparison between Analytical Equation and Numerical Methods for Determining Shear Stress in a Cantilever Beam

    Get PDF
    A three meter-length cantilever beam loaded with a concentrated load at its free end is studied to determine shear stresses. In the present study, three cross sections are considered: rectangle (R); I, and T. The study presents a comparison of maximum shear stresses obtained by means of two methods: classical analytical equation derived by Collingnon, and finite element method (FEM) software. Software programs ANSYS and SAP2000 were used. The results show difference between the maximum shear stresses obtained by the analytical equation and the software, being the last is always higher. The average differences for ANSYS and SAP2000, independently of the cross section, were 12.76% and 11.96%, respectively. Considering these differences, correction factors were proposed to the classical analytical formula for each cross section case to obtain more realistic results. After the correction, the average differences decrease to 1.48% and 4.86%, regardless of the cross section shape

    Maturity method to predict the evolution of the properties of sprayed concrete

    Get PDF
    The maturity method provides a simple approach for assessing the strength evolution of concrete. Although it is already used in the precast industry, no reported applications with sprayed concrete may be found in the literature. Such concrete presents singular characteristics due to the spraying process and, in some cases, due to the introduction of accelerators that modify the kinetics of cement hydration. Consequently, the traditional equations that relate the evolution of mechanical properties and the maturity index might not apply in this case. The objective of this study is to adapt the maturity method to sprayed concrete. An experimental program was conducted with 24 concrete mixes sprayed in laboratory and tested for the evolution of temperature and compressive strength. An alternative equation was proposed to relate the maturity index and the mechanical properties. Subsequently, finite element models were developed to generalize the maturity curves considering the local design parameters.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Adaptation of the standard EN 196-1 for mortar with accelerator

    Get PDF
    In certain applications, accelerators are added to favour a rapid evolution of mechanical properties in mortar and concrete. In order to assure adequate performance, it is necessary to test the compatibility between the accelerator and other components of the mixture. The EN 934-5 establishes that such evaluation of accelerators should be performed according with the procedure established in the EN 196-1. However, this standard does not take into account the inclusion of the accelerators or the particularities of the mortar produced with these admixtures. The objective of this paper is to adapt the EN 196-1 in order to characterize the strength of mortars with accelerator. First, an experimental parametric study to evaluate the influence of the production procedure on the results was conducted. Based on the results obtained, a modified production process was proposed. Then, a wide experimental program including a total of 40 mixes of mortars with different formulations and contents of accelerators was performed. Based on a statistical analysis, a new admissible variation used to calculate the compressive strength was proposed

    Assessment of fibre content and orientation in SFRC with the inductive method. Part 2: Application for the quality control of sprayed concrete

    Get PDF
    La primera part es troba a dipositada a: http://hdl.handle.net/2117/85890Concrete is the most used construction material in the world despite its fragility and low capacity to bear tensile stresses. Steel fibres may be added to increase the ductility of the material leading to fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) that is used in many applications, such as sprayed concrete. When concrete is sprayed, fibres are rebounded affecting negatively the mechanical behaviour of the FRC. To control the fibre content a new non-destructive method is presented: The inductive method. The present work compares it with the traditional one and proposes a methodology to control the fibre content of the sprayed fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Assessment of fibre content and orientation in SFRC with the inductive method. Part 1: theoretical basis of the method and study of the influence of the type of coil and temperature on its accuracy

    Get PDF
    La segona part es troba a dipositada a: http://hdl.handle.net/2117/85892The inductive method is a non-destructive test which is capable to estimate both the fibre orientation and the fibre content in steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) samples by the means of a coil and an impedance analyser. In this study, the theoretical basis of the method and the equations for assessing the content and orientation of fibres are given. Finite Element simulations are performed to estimate the parameters of the equations. An experimental program is conducted to evaluate the influences of two different coils and the temperature on the test. The results show that good accuracy and repeatability are obtained with both coils and no correction is needed for consideration of the impact of temperature.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
    corecore