Nano- and Micromechanics of Crystalline Polymers

It is currently thought that crystalline polymers consists of lamellar crystals which are separated from each other by a layer of amorphous polymer and are held together by tie molecules through the amorphous phase [e.g. 1]. The lamellae are formed from mostly folded chains. The thickness of lamellae is determined by the parameters such as interfacial energies, glass transition temperature and melting temperature, undercooling, segmental diffusivity, etc. The thickness reported lies usually in a narrow range between 3 and 20 nm as obtained from observations in various types of microscopes or calculated from the degree of crystallinity and long period. It has been recognized that chain folding is not so regular as it was thought and molecular packing in lamellae is subject to considerable and irregularly distributed disorder depending on undercooling- regimes of crystallization. It has been demonstrated in various ways that the planar growth front will always break up into fibrous or cellular growth. Also crystallization of polymers leads to interface instability. More sophisticated treatment of the instabilities involve perturbation analyses of planar interfaces, correlating diffusion, temperature gradients along the interface, and interfacial energy with the size of the growing crystals

Teoria geral dos contratos: contratos empresariais e análise econômica [2.ed.]

Divulgação dos SUMÁRIOS das obras recentemente incorporadas ao acervo da Biblioteca Ministro Oscar Saraiva do STJ. Em respeito à lei de Direitos Autorais, não disponibilizamos a obra na íntegra.Localização na estante: 347.44(81) R484

Field induced density wave in the heavy fermion compound CeRhIn5

Metals containing Ce often show strong electron correlations due to the proximity of the 4f state to the Fermi energy, leading to strong coupling with the conduction electrons. This coupling typically induces a variety of competing ground states, including heavy-fermion metals, magnetism and unconventional superconductivity. The d-wave superconductivity in CeTMIn5 (TM=Co, Rh, Ir) has attracted significant interest due to its qualitative similarity to the cuprate high-Tc superconductors. Here, we show evidence for a field induced phase-transition to a state akin to a density-wave (DW) in the heavy fermion CeRhIn5, existing in proximity to its unconventional superconductivity. The DW state is signaled by a hysteretic anomaly in the in-plane resistivity accompanied by the appearance of non-linear electrical transport at high magnetic fields (>27T), which are the distinctive characteristics of density-wave states. The unusually large hysteresis enables us to directly investigate the Fermi surface of a supercooled electronic system and to clearly associate a Fermi surface reconstruction with the transition. Key to our observation is the fabrication of single crystal microstructures, which are found to be highly sensitive to "subtle" phase transitions involving only small portions of the Fermi surface. Such subtle order might be a common feature among correlated electron systems, and its clear observation adds a new perspective on the similarly subtle CDW state in the cuprates.Comment: Accepted in Nature Communication

Estudo sobre a viabilidade de aplicação do veículo elétrico na Polícia Militar do Paraná

Frente aos avanços tecnológicos decorrentes das questões ambientais, este artigo apresenta uma análise da futura aplicação de viaturas com propulsão diversa da matriz petróleo/etanol, com ênfase no veículo elétrico e suas variações híbridas, conforme a tendência atual, trazendo a experiência de outras Polícias Militares do Brasil, bem como, a aplicação em países da Europa e da América do Norte. A análise foi realizada com base em relatórios e trabalhos científicos sobre o tema, bem como, conceitos de autores na área da engenharia. A pesquisa, fundamenta-se no método indutivo, com a utilização da técnica de análise de dados produzidos em relatórios, material bibliográfico e artigos científicos. O resultado de um teste com veículos elétricos realizado na Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo foi esmiuçado na presente pesquisa, sendo apresentados os resultados de custos, local de utilização e desempenho. Experiências de outros estados e países foram apresentadas, com a intenção de que o conjunto de informações subsidiem estudos futuros para a busca de alternativas à provável substituição do combustível fóssil/etanol, face a tendência mercadológica atual

Application of FPGA-based Lock-in amplifier for ultrasound propagation measurements using the pulse-echo technique

We describe application of a state-of-the art digital FPGA based Lock-In amplifier to measurements of ultrasound propagation and attenuation at fixed frequency in low temperatures and in high static magnetic fields. Our implementation significantly simplifies electronics required for high resolution measurements, allows to record the full echo train in single measurement and extract changes in both phase and amplitude of an arbitrary number of echa as a function of an external control parameter. The system is simple in operation requiring very little prior knowledge of electrical engineering and can bring the technique to a broad range of solid state physics laboratories. We have tested our setup measuring the magneto-acoustic quantum oscillations in the Weyl semimetal NbP. The results are directly compared with previous results obtained using standard instrumentation

Social Organization and Rural Social Change

This article — in fact, the author’s paper presented on the Second World Congress for Rural Sociology, held in Enschede, the Netherlands, August, 1968 — is republished from »Sociologia Ruralis«,i Vol. VIII, No. 3—4, 1968, pp. 256—281. The subject of this paper is changes in the social organization of agriculture. The term is understood as the partially open system of relations between the farm, the family and the village community which determine rural life as a whole sui generis. The main attetntion is directed to change in the organization bf agricultural production. Besides the pre-peasant system of tilling the soil in some isolated societies, five organizational types of agricultural production are dis. 15 tinguished. These are: the traditional peasant farm, the latifundial farm, the modern family farm, the collective farm and the industrial farm. They aie described as ideal types occupying extreme places on the scale. An examination of the transformation of each of these types establishes the unidirectional nature of change in the various courses of development. The direction indicated is towards the industrial farm and modern family farm, tied, however, in a number of relations with enterprises purchasing and processing agricultural produce or providing productive services. The collective farm occupies a distinct place here also. Depending on the conditions, it represents a transformation of family farms or it is converted into such farms. The transformation of agricultural organization finds expression in change of the traits of the farm family, primarily in connection with the intensity and character of its productive functions as a collective producer and entrepreneur. Also connected with the organizational type of production are the changes in the system of relations between the producing family and the village community, as well as in its functions. The system, farm-family-local community, is not a closed one; its transformations depend on the social organization of society as a whole and on the economic and political-administrative systems in particular. The final consideration concers the perspective of further change in the social organization of agriculture. The domination of two forms is anticipated, namely, the industrial farm and the modern family farm. These are depicted as operating in conjunction with enterprises processing and purchasing agricultural produce, and those which render productive services — manufacturing types of agricultural organization. Although these types, the second in particular, may be projected into the future, they are so different in various general conditions that a rather polymorphous agriculture is indicated in the future

A responsabilidade social empresarial e seus contornos jurídicos

Orientador: Alcidez A. Munhoz da CunhaMonografia (graduação) - Universidade Federal do Paraná,Setor de Ciências Jurídicas, Curso de Graduação em DireitoA responsabilidade social empresarial é o tema que a cada dia ganha maior relevo em fase da potencialidade dos benefícios que podem acarretar para aqueles envolvidos com o seu implemento. Neste sentido, a abordagem jurídica do fenômeno trás novos elementos para essa interpretação cidadã desta atividade econômica privada, seja no aspecto de obrigatoriedade mitigada da conduta em atenção à função social da propriedade constitucionalmente considerada, seja nas vantagens legais concedidas às empresas que atual responsavelmente na sociedade podendo converter de modo inteiro tais instrumentos fiscais em marketing social

O sistema tributário sustentável, o desenvolvimento e a cidadania: em busca do equilíbrio

RESUMOO conceito de sustentabilidade tem permeado as recentes discussões acadêmicas em todos os ramos do conhecimento. Apesar da difícil tarefa em se definir o que seja sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento sustentável, foi possível demonstrar que há um dado comum na maioria das definições, qual seja, a busca do equilíbrio entre os subsistemas sociais, notadamente entre economia, aspecto social e ambiental. A partir do conceito do que seja sustentável, entende-se que um sistema tributário sustentável deveria ter como principal marca o equilíbrio. O sistema tributário sustentável é equilibrado quando busca a harmonia entre o objetivo arrecadatório do Estado em cotejo com o crescimento econômico. Em um sistema de produção entrópico não há como obter o desenvolvimento quando há uma grande dissipação de recursos – leia-se não reaplicação do capital na seqüência do processo produtivo. O agigantamento das despesas do estado, portanto, pode comprometer sobremaneira o desenvolvimento econômico, de modo que o que se propõe para um sistema tributário sustentável é o equilíbrio entre a sanha arrecadatória e a possibilidade contributiva do setor produtivo. Ademais, o sistema tributário sustentável também deve promover o equilíbrio, atuando por tributos de caráter extrafiscal. Tomando-se o conceito de externalidade negativa, especificamente os danos ambientais causados involuntariamente pela atividade econômica, é papel do sistema tributário o fomento à sustentabilidade em sentido amplo (entre todos os subsistemas - o ambiental, o econômico, o social e o jurídico) mediante a imposição de que a externalidade negativa seja internalizada, mediante a aplicação da regra do poluidor pagador (instituição de tributo contra o poluidor). Palavras-chave: sustentabilidade, tributos, desenvolvimento, equilíbrio.  ABSTRACTThe sustainability concept has permeating the recent academic discussions in all branches of the knowledge. Although the difficult task in defining what it is sustainability and sustainable development, it was possible to demonstrate that it has common data in the majority of the definitions, which is, the search of the balances between the social subsystems, notably between economy, social and ambient aspects. From the concept of what it is sustainable, we understand that a sustainable tax system must have the equilibrium as main mark. The sustainable tax system is balanced when it searches the harmony between the collecting objectives of the State in comparison with the economic growth. In an entropic system production it is impossible to get the development when it has a great waste of resources – read - not reinvestment of the capital in the sequence of the productive process. The increasing expenses of the state, so, can compromise the economic development excessively; in a way that what is proposed for a sustainable tax system are the balance between the furor to collecting and the possibility of the productive sector to contribute. Moreover, the sustainable tax system also must promote the balance, acting for tributes of extra fiscal character. Looking over the concept of negative externality, specifically the involuntarily environment damages caused by the economic activity, fomenting  the sustainability is function of the tax system, and this, in ample direction (between all the subsystems - the environment one, the economic one, social and the legal one) by means of the imposition that negative externality should be internalized, and, by means of the application of the rule of the paying polluting agent (institution of tribute against the polluting agent). Keywords: sustainability, tributes, development, balance