Role of the cellular decapping activator LSM1-7 complex in the replication of positive-strand RNA viruses

By using the ability of the positive-strand RNA ((+)RNA) virus BMV to replicate in yeast it was previously shown that subunits of the LSm1-7 ring, as well as Pat1 and Dhh1 play an essential role in the transit of the BMV genome from translation to replication. In non-infected cells, these proteins mediate the transition of cellular mRNAs from a translational to a non-translational state by activating decapping in the 5'-3' - deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay pathway. Given the conservation of this pathway from yeast to humans and the common need of all (+)RNA viruses to regulate the transition of their genomes from active translation to a translationally inactive state to allow replication, an exciting possibility, and our working hypothesis, was that LSm1-7, Dhh1 and Pat1 are used not only by BMV to replicate in yeast but also by human (+) RNA viruses, such as HCV, to replicate in mammalian cells. Furthermore, given the key role of these proteins in a common step to all (+)RNA viruses, it is essential to characterize the not yet defined molecular mechanisms associated with such function. In this regard, we also hypothesized that the LSm1-7 complex, as member of the Sm family of proteins, would directly interact with viral genomes of (+)RNA viruses in order to play their role in the virus life cycle in a similar way that other family counterparts directly interact with their RNA targets in order to achieve their different cellular functions. In this work we were able to confirm both hypothesis showing that human homologues of the upper mentioned proteins LSm1-7, Rck/p54 and PatL1, are required for HCV RNA translation and replication. Additionally, we also showed that reconstituted LSm1-7 complexes specifically recognize important signals, either in BMV or HCV genomes, that regulate their translation and/or replication. These observations constitute the first evidence that the LSm1-7 complex is able to directly interact with viral genomes representing also novel LSm1-7 interaction sites. Given the common replication strategies of (+)RNA viruses and the conserved cellular functions of LSm1-7, Pat1 and Dhh1 from yeast to humans, our findings pinpoint a weak spot that may be exploited to generate broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.Utilizando la capacidad del BMV, un virus de ARN de cadena positiva (ARN(+)), para replicar en levaduras se ha demostrado previamente que las subunidades del anillo LSm1-7, así como Pat1 y Dhh1, desempeñan un papel esencial en la transición del genoma del virus de BMV desde traducción a replicación. En células no infectadas, estas proteínas median la transición de ARNm celulares de la traducción a un estado de no-traducción mediante la activación del proceso de decapping en la via 5'-3' de degradación de los ARNs celulares dependiente de deadenilación. Teniendo en cuenta la conservación de esta vía desde levaduras a humanos y la necesidad común de todos los virus ARN(+) para regular la transición de sus genomas desde un estado activo de traducción a otro no activo para permitir la replicación, una posibilidad interesante, y nuestra hipótesis de trabajo, es que LSm1-7, Dhh1 y Pat1 son utilizadas no solo por BMV para replicar en levaduras, sino también por otros virus ARN(+) que infectan a humanos, como el virus de la hepatitis C, para replicar en células de mamíferos. Por otra parte, dado el papel clave de estas proteínas en un paso común en todos los virus de ARN(+), es esencial caracterizar los mecanismos moleculares aun no conocidos y asociados a dicha función. En este sentido, también estudiamos la hipótesis de que el complejo LSm1-7, como miembro de la familia de proteínas Sm, pueda interactuar directamente con los genomas virales de virus de ARN(+) con el fin de desempeñar su papel en el ciclo de vida del virus de una manera similar a la que otros miembros de su familia interactúan con sus ARN con el fin de lograr sus diferentes funciones celulares. En este trabajo hemos podido confirmar ambas hipótesis demostrando que los homólogos humanos de las proteínas anteriormente mencionadas, LSm1-7, Rck/p54 y PatL1, son necesarios para la traducción y replicación del ARN del virus de la Hepatitis C. Por otra parte, los anillos reconstituidos de LSm1-7 reconocen específicamente señales importantes, tanto en el genoma de BMV como en el de la Hepatitis C que regulan su traducción y/o replicación. Estas observaciones constituyen la primera evidencia de que el complejo LSm1-7 es capaz de interactuar directamente con genomas virales y representan también novedosos patrones de interacción de este complejo con ARN. Teniendo en cuenta las estrategias de replicación en común de los virus de ARN de cadena positiva y las funciones celulares conservadas de LSm1-7, Pat1 y Dhh1 de levaduras a humanos, nuestros resultados señalan la posibilidad de explotar estas proteínas para la generación de medicamentos antivirales de amplio espectro

Retroviral retention activates a Syk-dependent HemITAM in human tetherin

SummaryTetherin (BST2/CD317) restricts the release of enveloped viral particles from infected cells. Coupled to this virion retention, hominid tetherins induce proinflammatory gene expression via activating NF-κB. We investigated the events initiating this tetherin-induced signaling and show that physical retention of retroviral particles induces the phosphorylation of conserved tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tails of tetherin dimers. This phosphorylation induces the recruitment of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), which is required for downstream NF-κB activation, indicating that the tetherin cytoplasmic tail resembles the hemi-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (hemITAMs) found in C-type lectin pattern recognition receptors. Retroviral-induced tetherin signaling is coupled to the cortical actin cytoskeleton via the Rac-GAP-containing protein RICH2 (ARHGAP44), and a naturally occurring tetherin polymorphism with reduced RICH2 binding exhibits decreased phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. Thus, upon virion retention, this linkage to the actin cytoskeleton likely triggers tetherin phosphorylation and subsequent signal transduction to induce an antiviral state

Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Assembly by Tetherin Induces NFκB-Dependent Proinflammatory Responses

International audienceAntiviral proteins that recognize pathogen-specific or aberrantly located molecular motifs are perfectly positioned to act as pattern-recognition receptors and signal to the immune system. Here we investigated whether the interferon-induced viral restriction factor tetherin (CD317/BST2), which is known to inhibit HIV-1 particle release by physically tethering virions to the cell surface, has such a signaling role. We find that upon restriction of Vpu-defective HIV-1, tetherin acts as a virus sensor to induce NFκB-dependent proinflammatory gene expression. Signaling requires both tetherin's extracellular domain involved in virion retention and determinants in the cytoplasmic tail, including an endocytic motif, although signaling is independent of virion endocytosis. Furthermore, recruitment of the TNF-receptor-associated factor TRAF6 and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase TAK1 are critical for signaling. Human tetherin's ability to mediate efficient signaling may have arisen as a result of a five amino acid deletion that occurred in hominids after their divergence from chimpanzees

LSm1-7 complexes bind to specific sites in viral RNA genomes and regulate their translation and replication

LSm1-7 complexes promote cellular mRNA degradation, in addition to translation and replication of positive-strand RNA viruses such as the Brome mosaic virus (BMV). Yet, how LSm1-7 complexes act on their targets remains elusive. Here, we report that reconstituted recombinant LSm1-7 complexes directly bind to two distinct RNA-target sequences in the BMV genome, a tRNA-like structure at the 3′-untranslated region and two internal A-rich single-stranded regions. Importantly, in vivo analysis shows that these sequences regulate the translation and replication of the BMV genome. Furthermore, both RNA-target sequences resemble those found for Hfq, the LSm counterpart in bacteria, suggesting conservation through evolution. Our results provide the first evidence that LSm1-7 complexes interact directly with viral RNA genomes and open new perspectives in the understanding of LSm1-7 functions

SHORT REPORT Open Access Evidence for IFNα-induced, SAMHD1-independent inhibitors of early HIV-1 infection

Background: Type I interferon (IFN) treatment of some cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytic THP-1 cells, restricts HIV-1 infection and prevents viral cDNA accumulation. Sterile alpha motif and HD domain protein 1 (SAMHD1), a dGTP-regulated deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase, reduces HIV-1 infectivity in myeloid cells, likely by limiting dNTPs available for reverse transcription, and has been described as IFNα-inducible. Myeloid cell infection by HIV-1 is enhanced by HIV-2/SIVSM Vpx, which promotes SAMHD1 degradation, or by exogenous deoxyribonucleoside (dN) addition. Findings: SAMHD1 expression was not substantially influenced by IFNα treatment of monocyte-derived macrophages or THP-1 cells. The contributions of SAMHD1 to the inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity by IFNα were assessed through the provision of Vpx, exogenous dN addition, or via RNAi-mediated SAMHD1 knock-down. Both Vpx and dN efficiently restored infection in IFNα-treated macrophages, albeit not to the levels seen with these treatments in the absence of IFNα. Similarly using differentiated THP-1 cells, the addition of Vpx or dNs, or SAMHD1 knock-down, also stimulated infection, but failing to match the levels observed without IFNα. Neither Vpx addition nor SAMHD1 knock-down reversed the IFNα-induced blocks to HIV-1 infection seen in dividing U87-MG or THP-1 cells. Therefore, altered SAMHD1 expression or function cannot account for the IFNα-induced restriction to HIV-

LSm1-7 complexes bind to specific sites in viral RNA genomes and regulate their translation and replication

LSm1-7 complexes promote cellular mRNA degradation, in addition to translation and replication of positive-strand RNA viruses such as the Brome mosaic virus (BMV). Yet, how LSm1-7 complexes act on their targets remains elusive. Here, we report that reconstituted recombinant LSm1-7 complexes directly bind to two distinct RNA-target sequences in the BMV genome, a tRNA-like structure at the 3'-untranslated region and two internal A-rich single-stranded regions. Importantly, in vivo analysis shows that these sequences regulate the translation and replication of the BMV genome. Furthermore, both RNA-target sequences resemble those found for Hfq, the LSm counterpart in bacteria, suggesting conservation through evolution. Our results provide the first evidence that LSm1-7 complexes interact directly with viral RNA genomes and open new perspectives in the understanding of LSm1-7 functions.This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (BFU2007-66933/BMC) and the German Research Foundation (DFG-FOR855). I.A.-R. and D.L. were supported by Fundaçao para a Ciência e Tecnología (SARH/BD/9630/2002; SFRH/BD/37047/2007

TRIM25 and ZAP target the Ebola virus ribonucleoprotein complex to mediate interferon-induced restriction

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes highly pathogenic disease in primates. Through screening a library of human interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), we identified TRIM25 as a potent inhibitor of EBOV transcription-and-replication-competent virus-like particle (trVLP) propagation. TRIM25 overexpression inhibited the accumulation of viral genomic and messenger RNAs independently of the RNA sensor RIG-I or secondary proinflammatory gene expression. Deletion of TRIM25 strongly attenuated the sensitivity of trVLPs to inhibition by type-I interferon. The antiviral activity of TRIM25 required ZAP and the effect of type-I interferon was modulated by the CpG dinucleotide content of the viral genome. We find that TRIM25 interacts with the EBOV vRNP, resulting in its autoubiquitination and ubiquitination of the viral nucleoprotein (NP). TRIM25 is recruited to incoming vRNPs shortly after cell entry and leads to dissociation of NP from the vRNA. We propose that TRIM25 targets the EBOV vRNP, exposing CpG-rich viral RNA species to restriction by ZAP

Comparative assessment of multiple COVID-19 serological technologies supports continued evaluation of point-of-care lateral flow assays in hospital and community healthcare settings

There is a clear requirement for an accurate SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, both as a complement to existing diagnostic capabilities and for determining community seroprevalence. We therefore evaluated the performance of a variety of antibody testing technologies and their potential use as diagnostic tools. Highly specific in-house ELISAs were developed for the detection of anti-spike (S), -receptor binding domain (RBD) and -nucleocapsid (N) antibodies and used for the cross-comparison of ten commercial serological assays-a chemiluminescence-based platform, two ELISAs and seven colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs)-on an identical panel of 110 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples and 50 pre-pandemic negatives. There was a wide variation in the performance of the different platforms, with specificity ranging from 82% to 100%, and overall sensitivity from 60.9% to 87.3%. However, the head-to-head comparison of multiple sero-diagnostic assays on identical sample sets revealed that performance is highly dependent on the time of sampling, with sensitivities of over 95% seen in several tests when assessing samples from more than 20 days post onset of symptoms. Furthermore, these analyses identified clear outlying samples that were negative in all tests, but were later shown to be from individuals with mildest disease presentation. Rigorous comparison of antibody testing platforms will inform the deployment of point-of-care technologies in healthcare settings and their use in the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infections

Clinical utility of targeted SARS-CoV-2 serology testing to aid the diagnosis and management of suspected missed, late or post-COVID-19 infection syndromes:Results from a pilot service implemented during the first pandemic wave

During the first wave of the global COVID-19 pandemic the clinical utility and indications for SARS-CoV-2 serological testing were not clearly defined. The urgency to deploy serological assays required rapid evaluation of their performance characteristics. We undertook an internal validation of a CE marked lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) (SureScreen Diagnostics) using serum from SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive individuals and pre-pandemic samples. This was followed by the delivery of a same-day named patient SARS-CoV-2 serology service using LFIA on vetted referrals at central London teaching hospital with clinical interpretation of result provided to the direct care team. Assay performance, source and nature of referrals, feasibility and clinical utility of the service, particularly benefit in clinical decision-making, were recorded. Sensitivity and specificity of LFIA were 96.1% and 99.3% respectively. 113 tests were performed on 108 participants during three-week pilot. 44% participants (n = 48) had detectable antibodies. Three main indications were identified for serological testing; new acute presentations potentially triggered by recent COVID-19 e.g. pulmonary embolism (n = 5), potential missed diagnoses in context of a recent COVID-19 compatible illness (n = 40), and making infection control or immunosuppression management decisions in persistently SARS-CoV-2 RNA PCR positive individuals (n = 6). We demonstrate acceptable performance characteristics, feasibility and clinical utility of using a LFIA that detects anti-spike antibodies to deliver SARS-CoV-2 serology service in adults and children. Greatest benefit was seen where there is reasonable pre-test probability and results can be linked with clinical advice or intervention. Experience from this pilot can help inform practicalities and benefits of rapidly implementing new tests such as LFIAs into clinical service as the pandemic evolves