360 research outputs found
Colin Clouts come home again
SIGLELD:D45945/83 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
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Change is good: adapting strategies for archaeological prospection in a rapidly changing technological world
Ye
Addressing the elephant in the room:Learning from CITES CoP17
The seventeenth Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) conference of the parties (CoP) exhibited a draconian opposition to any trade in ivory. A key component of this opposition was the intergovernmental regimeâs consolidation of NorthâSouth power differentials through the increased presence and influence of Northern conservation-focused NGOs. Using the example of ivory, this Forum article unpacks this dynamic before advocating for more participatory, decentralized, and polycentric approaches to the global governance of endangered species trade at future CITES CoPs
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Preparing for the future: A reappraisal of archaeo-geophysical surveying on Irish National Road Schemes 2001-2010
yesThis document reviews Legacy Data generated from 10 yearsâ worth of road scheme activity in
Ireland to determine how archaeological geophysical surveys could be carried out on national
roads in the future. The geophysical surveys were carried out by several different contractors
across a range of challenging field conditions, geologies, weather and seasons. The research is
based upon the results of linear schemes but also has validity for wider approaches. The
findings of this research are based upon the compilation of all terrestrial archaeological
geophysical surveys carried out on behalf of the National Roads Authority (NRA), a review of
the success or otherwise of those surveys in comparison with ground-observed excavations and
in combination with experimental surveys that tested previously held assumptions or
knowledge to determine best practice methods for the future.
The use and success of geophysical surveys in Ireland differ quite significantly from those in the
UK, from where many of the methods of assessment were derived or adapted. Many of these
differences can be attributed to geology. Ireland has a very high percentage of Carboniferous
limestone geology, overlain mostly by tills and frequent occurrences of peat. These soils can
reduce, to some extent, the effectiveness of magnetometer surveys; the most frequently used
geophysical technique in Ireland. However, magnetometer data can be maximised in these
cases by increasing the spatial resolution to produce effective results. An increase in spatial
resolution is also effective generally, for enhancing the chances of identifying archaeological
features by discriminating between archaeological and geological anomalies as well as
increasing anomaly definition and visualisation of small and subtle archaeological features.
Seasonal tests have determined that Irish soils are generally suitable for year round earth
resistance assessments although some counties in the southeast of the country may experience
very dry soils at the surface during some periods of the year.
A variety of sampling strategies were used in the past, however it is now apparent that detailed
assessments across the full length and width of a proposed road corridor are the most
appropriate form of geophysical investigation. Magnetometer surveys are generally suitable for
most Irish soils and geologies, although exceptions apply in areas of near-surface igneous
deposits, deep peat and alluvial soils; however magnetometer surveys are not capable of
identifying all types of archaeological features and other methods will be required for a full
evaluation.
Analysis of the Legacy Data has determined that in general the NRA archaeological geophysical surveys were historically used in a very positive way on road schemes. The range of features
assessed or identified account for most types of archaeological sites in Ireland. These have
provided a significant archive of case studies that will be of benefit to future archaeological
geophysical research and will help to protect the globally dwindling archaeological resource
that is threatened by development-led or commercially driven projects
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BradPhys to BradViz or from archaeological science to heritage science
YesArchaeology is a broad church and its role as a âtwo cultureâ discipline is frequently cited. This position at the interface of the arts and sciences remains central to archaeological activity but there have been significant changes in the structure of archaeology and its relationship to society overall. The growth of heritage science, in particular, is driving change and development within archaeology at a national and international level. This paper discusses these developments in relation to the author's own research trajectory and discusses the significance of such change
ON THE RELATION OF PRODUCTS OF ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES TO CELL-MEDIATED CYTOLYSIS
Experiments have been designed to test the hypothesis that soluble mediator production and T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity are necessarily related phenomena, and that soluble mediators may be involved in the mechanism of cytolysis. To this end, agents known to inhibit T-cell-mediated lysis in vitro have been studied for their effects on the production of two lymphocyte-derived mediators, lymphotoxin (LT) and migration inhibitory factor (MIF). A clear dissociation between mediator production and cell-mediated cytolysis was found using inhibitors of protein synthesis. Pactamycin and emetine, in doses of 10â7 M to 10â6 M, suppressed production of MIF and LT with only slight effect on killing of mastocytoma cells by immune T cells. On the other hand colchicine and vinblastine inhibited T-cell-mediated cytolysis in a dose-related manner but had no significant effect on either MIF or LT production, A striking dichotomy was also observed after augmentation of intracellular cyclic 3'5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels with cholera enterotoxin. Increased cAMP levels were associated with abrogation of direct lytic activity, but were without significant effect on MIF or LT production in guinea pigs or mice. These findings indicate that mediator production and direct lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis can be experimentally dissociated and represent independent cell-mediated immune functions
Unveiling the prehistoric landscape at Stonehenge through multi-receiver EMI
YesArchaeological research at Stonehenge (UK) is increasingly aimed at understanding the dynamic of the wider archaeological landscape. Through the application of state-of-the-art geophysical techniques, unprecedented insight is being gathered into the buried archaeological features of the area. However, applied survey techniques have rarely targeted natural soil variation, and the detailed knowledge of the palaeotopography is consequently less complete. In addition, metallic topsoil debris, scattered over different parts of the Stonehenge landscape, often impacts the interpretation of geophysical datasets. The research presented here demonstrates how a single multi-receiver electromagnetic induction (EMI) survey, conducted over a 22 ha area within the Stonehenge landscape, offers detailed insight into natural and anthropogenic soil variation at Stonehenge. The soil variations that were detected through recording the electrical and magnetic soil variability, shed light on the genesis of the landscape, and allow for a better definition of potential palaeoenvironmental and archaeological sampling locations. Based on the multi-layered dataset, a procedure was developed to remove the influence of topsoil metal from the survey data, which enabled a more straightforward identification of the detected archaeology. The results provide a robust basis for further geoarchaeological research, while potential to differentiate between modern soil disturbances and the underlying sub-surface variations can help in solving conservation and management issues. Through expanding this approach over the wider area, we aim at a fuller understanding of the humanâlandscape interactions that have shaped the Stonehenge landscape
EXPLORING DIFFERENCES IN ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND GROUND REACTION FORCES BETWEEN FRONT AND BACK SQUATS BEFORE AND AFTER A FATIGUING PROTOCOL
Limited research has been conducted to explore differences in biomechanical and physiological demands of the front and back squat, especially in response to fatigue where technique may be altered. This study investigated differences in electromyography and ground reaction forces during a 3-repetition maximum back and front squat before and after a fatiguing protocol in 30 males. Mean and peak activation of the semitendinosus was greater in the back squat than the front squat (p \u3c 0.05). There were no differences in quadricep activation between back and front squats. There were no differences in electromyography as a result of fatigue, however, force production decreased for back squats following fatigue (p \u3c 0.01). This research disputed the notion that front squats have a greater quadricep focus, however lends support to the hypothesis that quadricep activation equal to the back squat can be achieved with lighter absolute load in a front squat. The finding of lower ground reaction forces for the back squat following the fatiguing protocol in addition to no differences in electromyography between front and back squats indicates greater effects of the fatiguing protocol on back squat performance
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The Schlumberger Array in geophysical prospection for archaeology.
The Schlumberger array, or Schlumberger, was one of the first
resistance arrays to be used to detect buried archaeological
features. The early work used fixed probes and widely spaced
traverses. Recent simulation work, Ăœhowever, suggested that
the array should give improved resolution and depth
penetration over the Twin-Probe array. This thesis is an
attempt to operationalise the Schlumberger for use in
archaeological prospection. This has been achieved via a
co-ordinated use of laboratory simulation and-field studies.
Initial fieldwork in England suggested. that the. - use of
point electrodes created response patterns that were
dependent upon the relative direction of linear targets. This
was verified using a simulation tank modified to represent
field procedure. The recognition of this response, therefore,
required each survey area to be surveyed twice. The re-survey
requires the two current probes to be positioned at right
angles to the original survey points.
The Schlumberger was then used in a battery of methods to
investigate the problem of the archaeological interpretation
of- small, discrete scatters of ceramic sherds that cover the
landscape in Greece. The research has indicated a variation
of intra-site patterning that may be significant to the
function of these sites. Overall, the results suggest that
the relationship between the 'site' and its environment is a
complex one, one that can be oversimplified when the ceramic
evidence is viewed in isolation. The Schlumberger indicated
possible structural elements within some of these sites
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