What matters most? Stakeholders’ perceptions of river water quality

The need to integrate stakeholders’ views into environmental policy is increasingly gaining attention because this offers the opportunity to design sustainable and synergistic environmental strategies. Understanding and integrating the views of resource users into policy design and implementation could help address the most important challenges, gain community support, enhance project ownership, and avoid policies being rejected by local people. As a result, research in environmental management has focussed on stakeholders’ perceptions of river water quality and how to integrate such views into policy. While existing studies offer insights into the different ways in which stakeholders evaluate river water quality and potential factors influencing judgements, they appear to be limited in a number of ways. First, most of these studies focus on developed countries and may have limited contextual relevance to the developing world. Moreover, past studies focus on segments of society such as farmers and mainly on wastewater for agriculture. These shortcomings may limit our understanding of the topic and our ability to design effective policies to address water quality problems. Drawing on survey data from the Wenchi municipality in Ghana, we examine public perceptions of what constitute important measures of river water quality as well as factors influencing such judgements. Results suggest that while variables such as taste, colour, smell and litter are important, the presence of faecal matter in and/or around the river was rated the most important measure of river water quality while depth of river was the least important. Results further suggest that education, age, number of years a person had lived in a community, depth of river and the presence of aquatic vegetation influence water quality judgements. The findings of this research provide insights into what policymakers and regulators need to consider when attempting to influence behaviours in relation to water resources. We note, however, that while public perceptions of river water quality could guide water management policies, scientific measurements of water quality must not be replaced with stakeholder perceptions. This is because aspects such as ecological integrity may not be important to segments of the public but are an important aspect of water management. This is reinforced in the present study as there seems to be a lack of concern among the participants regarding river depth – an important factor for habitat provision and pollution dilution

First Report Of Strobilurin Resistance In \u3ci\u3eCercospora Beticola\u3c/i\u3e In Sugar Beet (\u3ci\u3eBeta Vulgaris\u3c/i\u3e) In Michigan And Nebraska, USA

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc. is the most important foliar disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) worldwide (Jacobsen & Franc, 2009). CLS is controlled mainly with fungicides, including strobilurins (FRAC group 11). Resistance to strobilurins in C. beticola has not been reported in the field (Secor et al., 2010) but insensitive mutations have been artificially developed (Malandrakis et al., 2011). In 2011, fields from several areas in Michigan, USA treated with strobilurins had severe CLS and diminished control was also noted in small plot trials (Fig. 1). Individual leaf spot lesions were sampled from leaves and grown on sugar beet leaf extract agar (SBLEA). A conidium germination bioassay was done on SBLEA covered with water agar amended with pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin or trifloxystrobin at 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 μg/ml, supplemented with salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) to block the alternate oxidation pathway (Olaya et al., 1998). After 24 h incubation at 22°C, under ambient light, percentage germinated conidia (n = 50) was calculated from three replicates per treatment. Germination was recorded as positive when the germ tube was at least half the length of the conidium. A representative wild type isolate was unable to germinate over the 0.01 μg/ml concentration. EC50 values for each isolate were calculated by regression analysis of percentage growth inhibition vs. the log fungicide concentration using Sigmaplot Version 9.01 (Systat Software, Chicago). The EC50 for the sensitive isolate was \u3c0.01 μg/ml. Isolates from several counties in Michigan had uninhibited germination and EC50 values exceeded the highest concentration tested. Isolates also grew on spiral gradient dilution plates (Förster et al., 2004) amended with the three strobilurins (Fig. 2, for illustration of resistance response only). Two isolates were obtained from Nebraska and each showed similar response to strobilurin fungicides in amended plate assays. Pure cultures of four resistant isolates were grown in potato dextrose broth at 125 rpm, and DNA extracted. A fragment of the cytochrome b (CYTB) gene was amplified by PCR using the C. beticola primers of Malandrakis et al. (2011) to amplify the region of the CYTB gene likely to contain resistance mutations (Malandrakis et al., 2011). This fragment was sequenced at the Genomics Technology Support Facility (MSU, East Lansing, MI) and showed 99% identity with both the C. beticola cytochrome b mRNA, partial sequence (GenBank Accession No. EF176921.1) and the C. kikuchii mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b partial sequence (AB231863.1). Sequence results revealed that each resistant isolate contained a change in codon 143 that predicts to a substitution of G143A, which was demonstrated to confer QoI resistance in several other fungi (Ma & Michailides, 2005). All four isolates with the G143A mutation germinated at 100 μg/ml pyraclostrobin (50% of conidia), while sensitive isolates that lacked the mutation failed to grow. Isolates that contained the G143A mutation included representatives from Michigan and Nebraska, USA. These findings reveal that reduced Cercospora leaf spot control in some commercial sugar beet fields may be due to the development of resistance to strobilurins