SensInMouth : Partenariat réussi entre la recherche et l’industrie

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Understanding aroma release from model cheeses by a statistical multiblock approach on oral processing

For human beings, the mouth is the first organ to perceive food and the different signalling events associated to food breakdown. These events are very complex and as such, their description necessitates combining different data sets. This study proposed an integrated approach to understand the relative contribution of main food oral processing events involved in aroma release during cheese consumption. In vivo aroma release was monitored on forty eight subjects who were asked to eat four different model cheeses varying in fat content and firmness and flavoured with ethyl propanoate and nonan-2-one. A multiblock partial least square regression was performed to explain aroma release from the different physiological data sets ( masticatory behaviour, bolus rheology, saliva composition and flux, mouth coating and bolus moistening). This statistical approach was relevant to point out that aroma release was mostly explained by masticatory behaviour whatever the cheese and the aroma, with a specific influence of mean amplitude on aroma release after swallowing. Aroma release from the firmer cheeses was explained mainly by bolus rheology. The persistence of hydrophobic compounds in the breath was mainly explained by bolus spreadability, in close relation with bolus moistening. Resting saliva poorly contributed to the analysis whereas the composition of stimulated saliva was negatively correlated with aroma release and mostly for soft cheeses, when significant

Understanding fat, proteins and saliva impact on aroma release from flavoured ice creams

The release profile of fourteen aroma compounds was studied in ice cream samples varying in fat and protein, both in level and type. In vitro aroma release was monitored by solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography using an innovative saliva reactor, which imitated human chewing under temperature control. The results showed that the effect of the fat type on aroma release was smaller than that of fat level. Ice creams with low fat level released more hydrophobic aroma compounds than ice creams with high fat level. At low fat level more aroma compounds were released from ice creams with lower protein content. At high fat level a small increase of aroma release was observed by the addition of saliva, which was explained by a salting out effect, due to the presence of proteins and salts in the saliva. These findings confirmed that the interactions between salivary proteins and aroma compounds occurring in aqueous solutions are not observed in emulsions

Effect of sugar and acid composition, aroma release and assessment conditions on aroma enhancement by taste in model wines

Context: When congruent taste and retronasal aroma are perceived simultaneously, aroma can be enhanced by taste. Different explanations have been proposed: (i) physico-chemical interactions between tastants and aroma compounds, inducing a change of the aroma stimulus before it reaches the receptors, (ii) a contextual bias during sensory tests (dumping), when at least one relevant attribute is not proposed to the panelists to assess a product, (iii) a misunderstanding of the conceptual difference between aroma and taste, or (iv) a perceptual incapability of panelists to distinguish between two congruent percepts. This study was undertaken to better understand aroma enhancement by taste in model wines containing different sugar and acid concentrations but the same volatile composition. Method: We used a twofold approach: model wine retronasal aroma intensity was assessed twice by trained panelists. During the first session, panelists only assessed aroma intensity. During the second session, taste intensity was assessed before aroma intensity, to reduce dumping effects. In-mouth release of volatile compounds was measured by nosespace analysis with the same panelists. Results: Acid concentration influenced aroma compounds release, but it did not impact perceived aroma intensity. Increasing sugar concentration delayed ethyl octanoate (EO) release after swallowing. When taste was not assessed, perceived aroma intensity was not explained by aroma compounds release, but it increased with sugar concentration, probably because of a dumping effect. When taste was assessed, aroma intensity also depended on sugar concentration, but it was significantly correlated to the time of release of EO. Our hypothesis is that when taste declined, late aroma was more easily individualized, and thus assessed with a higher intensity. This entails that panelists focused on aroma to individualize it from taste. We concluded that trained panelists understand the conceptual difference between taste and aroma, but are not completely able to distinguish congruent and simultaneous taste and aroma percepts

Stable tumor vessel normalization with pO_{2} increase and endothelial PTEN activation by inositol trispyrophosphate brings novel tumor treatment

Tumor hypoxia is a characteristic of cancer cell growth and invasion, promoting angiogenesis, which facilitates metastasis. Oxygen delivery remains impaired because tumor vessels are anarchic and leaky, contributing to tumor cell dissemination. Counteracting hypoxia by normalizing tumor vessels in order to improve drug and radio therapy efficacy and avoid cancer stem-like cell selection is a highly challenging issue. We show here that inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP) treatment stably increases oxygen tension and blood flow in melanoma and breast cancer syngeneic models. It suppresses hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and proangiogenic/glycolysis genes and proteins cascade. It selectively activates the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in vitro and in vivo at the endothelial cell (EC) level thus inhibiting PI3K and reducing tumor AKT phosphorylation. These mechanisms normalize tumor vessels by EC reorganization, maturation, pericytes attraction, and lowering progenitor cells recruitment in the tumor. It strongly reduces vascular leakage, tumor growth, drug resistance, and metastasis. ITPP treatment avoids cancer stem-like cell selection, multidrug resistance (MDR) activation and efficiently enhances chemotherapeutic drugs activity. These data show that counteracting tumor hypoxia by stably restoring healthy vasculature is achieved by ITPP treatment, which opens new therapeutic options overcoming hypoxia-related limitations of antiangiogenesis-restricted therapies. By achieving long-term vessels normalization, ITPP should provide the adjuvant treatment required in order to overcome the subtle definition of therapeutic windows for in vivo treatments aimed by the current strategies against angiogenesis-dependent tumors

Binding and release of flavor compounds

International audienc

Interactions arôme saveur texture

L’acceptabilité des aliments par le consommateur dépend, en partie, de leurs propriétés sensorielles. La perception de l’arôme et de la saveur est principalement liée à la présence de molécules odorantes ou sapides. Néanmoins la perception de l’arôme peut être modifiée par la présence de certaines saveurs et réciproquement, par l’existence d’interactions perceptives. De même la texture de l’aliment va influencer la perception de son arôme et de sa saveur, principalement par l’existence d’interactions physicochimiques entre les molécules au sein de l’aliment ou par des modifications de la libération des molécules odorantes et sapides lors de la mastication. De ce fait, faire varier l’une de ces trois composantes n’est pas sans conséquence sur les perceptions directement liées aux deux autres. La complexité des aliments et la diversité de leurs textures expliquent, en partie au moins, pourquoi la formulation et l’aromatisation des aliments résultent souvent de l’application d’un savoir-faire plutôt que de l’application d’une démarche raisonnée et rationnelle. Pour pouvoir mettre en oeuvre une telle démarche, il est nécessaire de hiérarchiser les facteurs qui peuvent moduler la volatilité et la libération des composés d’arôme lors de leur consommation

2.8. Concilier qualité nutritionnelle et qualité sensorielle des aliments

À travers les dispositifs mis en place dans le cadre des Programmes Nationaux Nutrition Santé (PNNS*), les pouvoirs publics français ont choisi d’inciter à l’amélioration de la qualité nutritionnelle des aliments. Ces mesures impliquent une modification de la composition des aliments afin d’éviter la consommation excessive de sel, sucre et de matières grasses par exemple, qui peuvent contribuer au développement de certaines pathologies (hypertension, risques cardiovasculaires, diabète, obésit..