Analysis of Selected Mechanics of the Backward C - Cut Ice Skating Stride

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the contributlon of structural and performance variables to the skating velocity of ice hockey players performing the backward C-cut ice skating technique. Ten skilled male ice hockey players volunteered to participate in this study. Each was filmed during a maximum effort backward skating task. An overhead view of each trial was recorded at 100 Hz using a Locam 16 mm camera. Data were collected from film using an Altek AC 30 digitizer and micro-computer system. Fourteen structural and kinematic dependent variables were measured. In addition three kinematic characteristics of the forward skating patterns of the same subject sample were also recorded. A Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was used to look at the relationships between skating velocity and each of the other dependent variables. Also, correlations between selected backward and forward characteristics were computed. The mean backward skating velocity of the sample was 6.56 m/s which resulted from a mean cycle length of 4.53 m and a mean cycle rate of 1.5 cycles per second. Only minor differences were found between right and left stride lengths and times so it was concluded that the movement pattern is symmetrical from side to side. Correlation analysis indicated that velocity is significantly related to both cycle width (r = .80) and cycle length (r = .84). Cycle time was also significantly related to veloclty (r = -.70). Not surprisingly cycle length and rate were significantly related in a negative direction (r - -.91). In an attempt to determine whether backward skating ability is a unique skill, backward velocity was correlated with forward velocity. The result revealed that those who skate fastest backward also tend to skate fastest forward (r ..81). The velocity of the backward trials was about 80 % of that of forward skating trials. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that there is a strong relationship between selected descriptive aspects of the backward skating movement and the criteria skating veloclty. In addition, it was concluded that a strong relationship exists between backward and forward ice skating ability

Coastal El Niño triggers rapid marine silicate alteration on the seafloor

Marine silicate alteration plays a key role in the global carbon and cation cycles, although the timeframe of this process in response to extreme weather events is poorly understood. Here we investigate surface sediments across the Peruvian margin before and after extreme rainfall and runoff (coastal El Niño) using Ge/Si ratios and laser-ablated solid and pore fluid Si isotopes (δ30Si). Pore fluids following the rainfall show elevated Ge/Si ratios (2.87 µmol mol−1) and δ30Si values (3.72‰), which we relate to rapid authigenic clay formation from reactive terrigenous minerals delivered by continental runoff. This study highlights the direct coupling of terrestrial erosion and associated marine sedimentary processes. We show that marine silicate alteration can be rapid and highly dynamic in response to local weather conditions, with a potential impact on marine alkalinity and CO2-cycling on short timescales of weeks to months, and thus element turnover on human time scales

Farewell, welfare state – hello, welfare regions? Chances and constraints of welfare management in the German federal system

The German welfare state is in crisis. Alarming long-term demographic trends, the still not fully digested consequences of German unification and the current economic downturn in much of the Eurozone have combined to create an urgent need for welfare reform. Yet the constitutional arrangements which govern the German political system, and well-entrenched political practice, mean that any such reform process is a daunting challenge. Thus, the welfare crisis is also a crisis of German-style co-operative federalism. Current empirical evidence makes for uncomfortable reading, and triggers debate on the nature of the German federation: have the two constitutional principles of federalism and establishing equal living conditions throughout the federation become mutually exclusive? However, as much of the welfare state is centred on the best utilisation of scarce financial resources, it is debatable to what extent alterations in the functional distribution of welfare responsibilities among the territorial levels of government can be regarded as a solution for the current problems. The article concludes that in the search for long-term sustainability of the welfare state the territorial dimension is likely to remain a secondary issue

Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean: Data collection and legacy

From 2008 through 2019, a comprehensive research project, SFB 754, Climate - Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean, was funded by the German Research Foundation to investigate the climate-biogeochemistry interactions in the tropical ocean with a particular emphasis on the processes determining the oxygen distribution. During three 4-year long funding phases, a consortium of more than 150 scientists conducted or participated in 34 major research cruises and collected a wealth of physical, biological, chemical, and meteorological data. A common data policy agreed upon at the initiation of the project provided the basis for the open publication of all data. Here we provide an inventory of this unique data set and briefly summarize the various data acquisition and processing methods used

Household networks and emergent territory: a GIS study of Chumash households, villages and rock-art in South-Central California

Elite households of the Californian Chumash have been studied in order to understand the development of Late Holocene hunter-gatherer alliance networks. Equally, models of what has been termed ‘tribelet territories’ have been used to describe land ownership within larger Californian concepts. Surprisingly little research has explicitly addressed issues of how such territories may have developed. In this article, we turn to DeLanda’s philosophy of social complexity to consider how Chumash households may have underpinned the development of tribelet territories and the political implications for their articulation with wider alliances. Importantly, utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS), we analyse potential mobility patterns in relation to households, villages and rock-art locales in a case from the Emigdiano Chumash. The results suggest that the painting of rock art was imbricated within processes of territorialization, and that the local placement of art reflects which villages were home to particularly high-status households

Direction-Selective Circuitry in Rat Retina Develops Independently of GABAergic, Cholinergic and Action Potential Activity

The ON-OFF direction selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) in the mammalian retina code image motion by responding much more strongly to movement in one direction. They do so by receiving inhibitory inputs selectively from a particular sector of processes of the overlapping starburst amacrine cells, a type of retinal interneuron. The mechanisms of establishment and regulation of this selective connection are unknown. Here, we report that in the rat retina, the morphology, physiology of the ON-OFF DSGCs and the circuitry for coding motion directions develop normally with pharmacological blockade of GABAergic, cholinergic activity and/or action potentials for over two weeks from birth. With recent results demonstrating light independent formation of the retinal DS circuitry, our results strongly suggest the formation of the circuitry, i.e., the connections between the second and third order neurons in the visual system, can be genetically programmed, although emergence of direction selectivity in the visual cortex appears to require visual experience

Public health triangulation: approach and application to synthesizing data to understand national and local HIV epidemics

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Public health triangulation is a process for reviewing, synthesising and interpreting secondary data from multiple sources that bear on the same question to make public health decisions. It can be used to understand the dynamics of HIV transmission and to measure the impact of public health programs. While traditional intervention research and metaanalysis would be ideal sources of information for public health decision making, they are infrequently available, and often decisions can be based only on surveillance and survey data.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The process involves examination of a wide variety of data sources and both biological, behavioral and program data and seeks input from stakeholders to formulate meaningful public health questions. Finally and most importantly, it uses the results to inform public health decision-making. There are 12 discrete steps in the triangulation process, which included identification and assessment of key questions, identification of data sources, refining questions, gathering data and reports, assessing the quality of those data and reports, formulating hypotheses to explain trends in the data, corroborating or refining working hypotheses, drawing conclusions, communicating results and recommendations and taking public health action.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Triangulation can be limited by the quality of the original data, the potentials for ecological fallacy and "data dredging" and reproducibility of results.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Nonetheless, we believe that public health triangulation allows for the interpretation of data sets that cannot be analyzed using meta-analysis and can be a helpful adjunct to surveillance, to formal public health intervention research and to monitoring and evaluation, which in turn lead to improved national strategic planning and resource allocation.</p