Molecular and metabolic mechanisms associated with fleshy fruit quality

Funding to AF was provided by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT Investigator IF/00169/2015, PEst-OE/BIA/UI4046/2014). Research in the AG lab was supported by the EC H2020 Program:TRADITOM-634561 and TOMGEM679796 and networking activities by COST FA1106.Fortes, AM.; Granell Richart, A.; Pezzotti, M.; Bouzayen, M. (2017). Molecular and metabolic mechanisms associated with fleshy fruit quality. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8:6-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01236S6108Agudelo-Romero, P., Erban, A., Sousa, L., Pais, M. S., Kopka, J., & Fortes, A. M. (2013). Search for Transcriptional and Metabolic Markers of Grape Pre-Ripening and Ripening and Insights into Specific Aroma Development in Three Portuguese Cultivars. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e60422. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060422Fortes, A. M., & Gallusci, P. (2017). Plant Stress Responses and Phenotypic Plasticity in the Epigenomics Era: Perspectives on the Grapevine Scenario, a Model for Perennial Crop Plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 08. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00082Fortes, A., Teixeira, R., & Agudelo-Romero, P. (2015). Complex Interplay of Hormonal Signals during Grape Berry Ripening. Molecules, 20(5), 9326-9343. doi:10.3390/molecules20059326Liu, R., How-Kit, A., Stammitti, L., Teyssier, E., Rolin, D., Mortain-Bertrand, A., … Gallusci, P. (2015). A DEMETER-like DNA demethylase governs tomato fruit ripening. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(34), 10804-10809. doi:10.1073/pnas.150336211

Mediterranean Long Shelf-Life Landraces: An Untapped Genetic Resource for Tomato Improvement

[EN] The Mediterranean long shelf-life (LSL) tomatoes are a group of landraces with a fruit remaining sound up to 6¿12 months after harvest. Most have been selected under semi-arid Mediterranean summer conditions with poor irrigation or rain-fed and thus, are drought tolerant. Besides the convergence in the latter traits, local selection criteria have been very variable, leading to a wide variation in fruit morphology and quality traits. The different soil characteristics and agricultural management techniques across the Mediterranean denote also a wide range of plant adaptive traits to different conditions. Despite the notorious traits for fruit quality and environment adaptation, the LSL landraces have been poorly exploited in tomato breeding programs, which rely basically on wild tomato species. In this review, we describe most of the information currently available for Mediterranean LSL landraces in order to highlight the importance of this genetic resource. We focus on the origin and diversity, the main selective traits, and the determinants of the extended fruit shelf-life and the drought tolerance. Altogether, the Mediterranean LSL landraces are a very valuable heritage to be revalued, since constitutes an alternative source to improve fruit quality and shelf-life in tomato, and to breed for more resilient cultivars under the predicted climate change conditions.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727929 (TOMRES), No 634561 (TRADITOM) and No 679796 (TomGEM). Research has been also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) project AGL2013-42364-R (TOMDRO), and the Government of the Balearic Islands grants BIA20/07, BIA07/08, BIA09/12 and AAEE56/2015. 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Plant SWEETs: from sugar transport to plant-pathogen interaction and more unexpected physiological roles

[EN] Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) have important roles in numerous physiological mechanisms where sugar efflux is critical, including phloem loading, nectar secretion, seed nutrient filling, among other less expected functions. They mediate low affinity and high capacity transport, and in angiosperms this family is composed by 20 paralogs on average. As SWEETs facilitate the efflux of sugars, they are highly susceptible to hijacking by pathogens, making them central players in plant-pathogen interaction. For instance, several species from the Xanthomonas genus are able to upregulate the transcription of SWEET transporters in rice (Oryza sativa), upon the secretion of transcription-activator-like effectors. Other pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea or Erysiphe necator, are also capable of increasing SWEET expression. However, the opposite behavior has been observed in some cases, as overexpression of the tonoplast AtSWEET2 during Pythium irregulare infection restricted sugar availability to the pathogen, rendering plants more resistant. Therefore, a clear-cut role for SWEET transporters during plant-pathogen interactions has so far been difficult to define, as the metabolic signatures and their regulatory nodes, which decide the susceptibility or resistance responses, remain poorly understood. This fuels the still ongoing scientific question: what roles can SWEETs play during plant-pathogen interaction? Likewise, the roles of SWEET transporters in response to abiotic stresses are little understood. Here, in addition to their relevance in biotic stress, we also provide a small glimpse of SWEETs importance during plant abiotic stress, and briefly debate their importance in the particular case of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) due to its socioeconomic impact.This work was supported by the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), under the strategic programmes UID/AGR/04033/2020 and UID/BIA/04050/2020. This work was also supported by FCT and European Funds (FEDER/POCI/COMPETE2020) through the research project "MitiVineDrought-Combining `omics' with molecular, biochemical, and physiological analyses as an integrated effort to validate novel and easy-to-implement drought mitigation strategies in grapevine while reducing water use" with ref. PTDC/BIA-FBT/30341/2017 and ref. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030341, respectively; through the research project "BerryPlastid-Biosynthesis of secondary compounds in the grape berry: unlocking the role of the plastid" with ref. POCI-010145-FEDER-028165 and ref. PTDC/BIA-FBT/28165/2017, respectively; and also through the FCT-funded research project "GrapeInfectomics" (PTDC/ASPHOR/28485/2017). A.C. was supported with a post-doctoral researcher contract/position within the project "MitiVineDrought" (PTDC/BIA-FBT/30341/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030341). R.B. was supported by a PhD student grant (PD/BD/113616/2015) under the Doctoral Programme "Agricultural Production Chains-from fork to farm" (PD/00122/2012) funded by FCT. H.B. was supported by a PhD fellowship funded by FCT (SFRH/BD/144638/2019). This work also benefited from the networking activities within the European Unionfunded COST Action CA17111 "INTEGRAPE-Data Integration to maximize the power of omics for grapevine improvement".Breia, R.; Conde, A.; Badim, H.; Fortes, AM.; Geros, H.; Granell Richart, A. (2021). Plant SWEETs: from sugar transport to plant-pathogen interaction and more unexpected physiological roles. Plant Physiology. 186(2):836-852. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab127S836852186

Melon Genetic Resources Characterization for Rind Volatile Profile

[EN] A melon core collection was analyzed for rind volatile compounds as, despite the fact that they are scarcely studied, these compounds play an important role in consumer preferences. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry allowed the detection of 171 volatiles. The high volatile diversity found was analyzed by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), giving rise to two major clusters of accessions. The first cluster included climacteric and aromatic types such as Cantalupensis, Ameri, Dudaim and Momordica, rich in esters; the second one mainly included non-climacteric non-aromatic types such as Inodorus, Flexuosus, Acidulus, Conomon and wild Agrestis, with low volatiles content, specifically affecting esters. Many interesting accessions were identified, with different combinations of aroma profiles for rind and flesh, such as Spanish Inodorus landraces with low aroma flesh but rind levels of esters similar to those in climacteric Cantalupensis, exotic accessions sharing high contents of specific compounds responsible for the unique aroma of Dudaim melons or wild Agrestis with unexpected high content of some esters. Sesquiterpenes were present in rinds of some Asian Ameri and Momordica landraces, and discriminate groups of cultivars (sesquiterpene-rich/-poor) within each of the two most commercial melon horticultural groups (Cantalupensis and Inodorus), suggesting that the Asian germplasm is in the origin of specific current varieties or that this feature has been introgressed more recently from Asian sources. This rind characterization will encourage future efforts for breeding melon quality as many of the characterized landraces and wild accessions have been underexploited.This work was supported by ERA-PG project (MELRIP: GEN2006-27773-C2-2-E), Plant KBBE project (SAFQIM: PIM2010PKB-00691), Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad AGL2014-53398-C2-2-R (jointly funded by FEDER), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, cofunded with FEDER funds (Project No. AGL2017-85563-C2-1-R), by PROMETEO project 2017/078 (to promote excellence groups) by the Conselleria d'Educacio, Investigacio, Cultura i Esports (Generalitat Valenciana) and partly by GV/2020/025 by the Conselleria de Innovacion, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad digital. J.L. Rambla is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through a "Juan de la Cierva-Formacion" grant (FJCI-2016-28601).Esteras Gómez, C.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; Sánchez, G.; Granell Richart, A.; Picó Sirvent, MB. (2020). Melon Genetic Resources Characterization for Rind Volatile Profile. Agronomy. 10:1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101512S11810Burger, Y., Sa’ar, U., Paris, H., Lewinsohn, E., Katzir, N., Tadmor, Y., & Schaffer, A. (2006). Genetic variability for valuable fruit quality traits in Cucumis melo. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 54(3), 233-242. doi:10.1560/ijps_54_3_233Moing, A., Allwood, J. W., Aharoni, A., Baker, J., Beale, M. H., Ben-Dor, S., … Schaffer, A. A. (2020). Comparative Metabolomics and Molecular Phylogenetics of Melon (Cucumis melo, Cucurbitaceae) Biodiversity. Metabolites, 10(3), 121. doi:10.3390/metabo10030121Nee, M., & Kirkbride, J. H. (1994). Biosystematic Monograph of the Genus Cucumis (Cucurbitaceae)-Botanical Identification of Cucumbers and Melons. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 121(3), 300. doi:10.2307/2997187Bernillon, S., Biais, B., Deborde, C., Maucourt, M., Cabasson, C., Gibon, Y., … Moing, A. (2012). Metabolomic and elemental profiling of melon fruit quality as affected by genotype and environment. Metabolomics, 9(1), 57-77. doi:10.1007/s11306-012-0429-1Aubert, C., & Bourger, N. (2004). Investigation of Volatiles in Charentais Cantaloupe Melons (Cucumis melo Var. cantalupensis). Characterization of Aroma Constituents in Some Cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(14), 4522-4528. doi:10.1021/jf049777sObando-Ulloa, J. M., Ruiz, J., Monforte, A. J., & Fernández-Trujillo, J. P. (2010). Aroma profile of a collection of near-isogenic lines of melon (Cucumis melo L.). Food Chemistry, 118(3), 815-822. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.068Verzera, A., Dima, G., Tripodi, G., Ziino, M., Lanza, C. M., & Mazzaglia, A. (2010). Fast Quantitative Determination of Aroma Volatile Constituents in Melon Fruits by Headspace–Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods, 4(2), 141-149. doi:10.1007/s12161-010-9159-zCondurso, C., Verzera, A., Dima, G., Tripodi, G., Crinò, P., Paratore, A., & Romano, D. (2012). Effects of different rootstocks on aroma volatile compounds and carotenoid content of melon fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 148, 9-16. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2012.09.015Escribano, S., & Lázaro, A. (2012). Sensorial characteristics of Spanish traditional melon genotypes: has the flavor of melon changed in the last century? European Food Research and Technology, 234(4), 581-592. doi:10.1007/s00217-012-1661-7Pang, X., Chen, D., Hu, X., Zhang, Y., & Wu, J. (2012). Verification of Aroma Profiles of Jiashi Muskmelon Juice Characterized by Odor Activity Value and Gas Chromatography–Olfactometry/Detection Frequency Analysis: Aroma Reconstitution Experiments and Omission Tests. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(42), 10426-10432. doi:10.1021/jf302373gVallone, S., Sivertsen, H., Anthon, G. E., Barrett, D. M., Mitcham, E. J., Ebeler, S. E., & Zakharov, F. (2013). An integrated approach for flavour quality evaluation in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. reticulatus group) during ripening. Food Chemistry, 139(1-4), 171-183. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.042BAI, X., TENG, L., LÜ, D., & QI, H. (2014). Co-Treatment of EFF and 1-MCP for Enhancing the Shelf-Life and Aroma Volatile Compounds of Oriental Sweet Melons (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13(1), 217-227. doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(13)60372-xChen, H., Cao, S., Jin, Y., Tang, Y., & Qi, H. (2016). The Relationship between CmADHs and the Diversity of Volatile Organic Compounds of Three Aroma Types of Melon (Cucumis melo). Frontiers in Physiology, 7. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00254Gonda, I., Lev, S., Bar, E., Sikron, N., Portnoy, V., Davidovich-Rikanati, R., … Lewinsohn, E. (2013). Catabolism ofl-methionine in the formation of sulfur and other volatiles in melon (Cucumis meloL.) fruit. The Plant Journal, 74(3), 458-472. doi:10.1111/tpj.12149Freilich, S., Lev, S., Gonda, I., Reuveni, E., Portnoy, V., Oren, E., … Katzir, N. (2015). Systems approach for exploring the intricate associations between sweetness, color and aroma in melon fruits. BMC Plant Biology, 15(1). doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0449-xGonda, I., Davidovich-Rikanati, R., Bar, E., Lev, S., Jhirad, P., Meshulam, Y., … Lewinsohn, E. (2018). Differential metabolism of L–phenylalanine in the formation of aromatic volatiles in melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit. Phytochemistry, 148, 122-131. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.12.018Galpaz, N., Gonda, I., Shem‐Tov, D., Barad, O., Tzuri, G., Lev, S., … Katzir, N. (2018). Deciphering genetic factors that determine melon fruit‐quality traits using RNA ‐Seq‐based high‐resolution QTL and eQTL mapping. The Plant Journal, 94(1), 169-191. doi:10.1111/tpj.13838Feder, A., Jiao, C., Galpaz, N., Vrebalov, J., Xu, Y., Portnoy, V., … Giovannoni, J. J. (2020). Melon ethylene-mediated transcriptome and methylome dynamics provide insights to volatile production. doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923284El-Sharkawy, I., Manríquez, D., Flores, F. B., Regad, F., Bouzayen, M., Latché, A., & Pech, J.-C. (2005). Functional Characterization of a Melon Alcohol Acyl-transferase Gene Family Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ester Volatiles. Identification of the Crucial Role of a Threonine Residue for Enzyme Activity*. Plant Molecular Biology, 59(2), 345-362. doi:10.1007/s11103-005-8884-yPerry, P. L., Wang, Y., & Lin, J. (2009). Analysis of honeydew melon (Cucumis melovar.inodorus) flavour and GC-MS/MS identification of (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienyl acetate. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 24(6), 341-347. doi:10.1002/ffj.1947Rodríguez-Pérez, C., Quirantes-Piné, R., Fernández-Gutiérrez, A., & Segura-Carretero, A. (2013). Comparative characterization of phenolic and other polar compounds in Spanish melon cultivars by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Food Research International, 54(2), 1519-1527. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2013.09.011Allwood, J. W., Cheung, W., Xu, Y., Mumm, R., De Vos, R. C. H., Deborde, C., … Goodacre, R. (2014). Metabolomics in melon: A new opportunity for aroma analysis. Phytochemistry, 99, 61-72. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.12.010Portnoy, V., Benyamini, Y., Bar, E., Harel-Beja, R., Gepstein, S., Giovannoni, J. J., … Katzir, N. (2008). The molecular and biochemical basis for varietal variation in sesquiterpene content in melon (Cucumis melo L.) rinds. Plant Molecular Biology, 66(6), 647-661. doi:10.1007/s11103-008-9296-6Esteras, C., Formisano, G., Roig, C., Díaz, A., Blanca, J., Garcia-Mas, J., … Picó, B. (2013). SNP genotyping in melons: genetic variation, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 126(5), 1285-1303. doi:10.1007/s00122-013-2053-5Leida, C., Moser, C., Esteras, C., Sulpice, R., Lunn, J. E., de Langen, F., … Picó, B. (2015). Variability of candidate genes, genetic structure and association with sugar accumulation and climacteric behavior in a broad germplasm collection of melon (Cucumis melo L.). BMC Genetics, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0183-2Sánchez, G., Martínez, J., Romeu, J., García, J., Monforte, A. J., Badenes, M. L., & Granell, A. (2014). The peach volatilome modularity is reflected at the genetic and environmental response levels in a QTL mapping population. BMC Plant Biology, 14(1), 137. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-14-137Sánchez, G., Besada, C., Badenes, M. L., Monforte, A. J., & Granell, A. (2012). A Non-Targeted Approach Unravels the Volatile Network in Peach Fruit. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e38992. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038992Zorrilla-Fontanesi, Y., Rambla, J.-L., Cabeza, A., Medina, J. J., Sánchez-Sevilla, J. F., Valpuesta, V., … Amaya, I. (2012). Genetic Analysis of Strawberry Fruit Aroma and Identification of O-Methyltransferase FaOMT as the Locus Controlling Natural Variation in Mesifurane Content      . Plant Physiology, 159(2), 851-870. doi:10.1104/pp.111.188318Rambla, J. L., Medina, A., Fernández-del-Carmen, A., Barrantes, W., Grandillo, S., Cammareri, M., … Granell, A. (2016). Identification, introgression, and validation of fruit volatile QTLs from a red-fruited wild tomato species. Journal of Experimental Botany, erw455. doi:10.1093/jxb/erw455Verzera, A., Dima, G., Tripodi, G., Condurso, C., Crinò, P., Romano, D., … Paratore, A. (2014). Aroma and sensory quality of honeydew melon fruits (Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. inodorus H. Jacq.) in relation to different rootstocks. Scientia Horticulturae, 169, 118-124. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.02.008López, C., Ferriol, M., & Picó, M. B. (2015). Mechanical transmission of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus to cucurbit germplasm: selection of tolerance sources in Cucumis melo. Euphytica, 204(3), 679-691. doi:10.1007/s10681-015-1371-xSharon-Asa, L., Shalit, M., Frydman, A., Bar, E., Holland, D., Or, E., … Eyal, Y. (2003). Citrus fruit flavor and aroma biosynthesis: isolation, functional characterization, and developmental regulation of Cstps1 , a key gene in the production of the sesquiterpene aroma compound valencene. The Plant Journal, 36(5), 664-674. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01910.xPechous, S. W., & Whitaker, B. D. (2004). Cloning and functional expression of an ( E , E )-a-farnesene synthase cDNA from peel tissue of apple fruit. Planta, 219(1), 84-94. doi:10.1007/s00425-003-1191-4MARUYAMA, T., ITO, M., & HONDA, G. (2001). Molecular Cloning, Functional Expression and Characterization of (E)-.BETA.-Farnesene Synthase from Citrus junos. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 24(10), 1171-1175. doi:10.1248/bpb.24.1171Lourenço, A. M., Haddi, K., Ribeiro, B. M., Corrêia, R. F. T., Tomé, H. V. V., Santos-Amaya, O., … Aguiar, R. W. S. (2018). Essential oil of Siparuna guianensis as an alternative tool for improved lepidopteran control and resistance management practices. Scientific Reports, 8(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25721-0Monforte, A. J., Garcia-Mas, J., & Arus, P. (2003). Genetic variability in melon based on microsatellite variation. Plant Breeding, 122(2), 153-157. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00848.xBlanca, J., Esteras, C., Ziarsolo, P., Pérez, D., Fernández-Pedrosa, V., Collado, C., … Picó, B. (2012). Transcriptome sequencing for SNP discovery across Cucumis melo. BMC Genomics, 13(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-280Zhao, G., Lian, Q., Zhang, Z., Fu, Q., He, Y., Ma, S., … Huang, S. (2019). A comprehensive genome variation map of melon identifies multiple domestication events and loci influencing agronomic traits. Nature Genetics, 51(11), 1607-1615. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0522-8Gonzalo, M. J., Díaz, A., Dhillon, N. P. S., Reddy, U. K., Picó, B., & Monforte, A. J. (2019). Re-evaluation of the role of Indian germplasm as center of melon diversification based on genotyping-by-sequencing analysis. BMC Genomics, 20(1). doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5784-0Atkinson, R. G. (2016). Phenylpropenes: Occurrence, Distribution, and Biosynthesis in Fruit. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(10), 2259-2272. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04696Castro, G., Perpiñá, G., Monforte, A. J., Picó, B., & Esteras, C. (2019). New melon introgression lines in a Piel de Sapo genetic background with desirable agronomical traits from dudaim melons. Euphytica, 215(10). doi:10.1007/s10681-019-2479-

Les varietats tradicionals de tomàquet de la conca mediterrània: origen i diversitat cultivada

Aquest treball ha estat finançat pel programa d’investigació i innovació Horitzó 2020 de la Unió Europea a través del contracte número 634561 (TRADITOM: Traditional tomato varieties and cultural practices: a case for agricultucultural diversification with impacto n food security and health of European population). Els autors també agraeixen al mateix programa d’investigació el finançament a través dels contractes número 677379 (G2P-SOL: Linking genetic resources, genomes and phenotypes of Solanaceous crops), número 679796 (TomGEM: A holistic multi-actor approach towards the design of new tomato varieties and management practices to improve yield and quality in the fase of climate change) i número 774244 (BRESOV: Breeding for resilient sustainable organic vegetable production).Díez Niclós, MJTDJ.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Granell Richart, A. (2018). Les varietats tradicionals de tomàquet de la conca mediterrània: origen i diversitat cultivada. Dossier Tècnic. 94:3-8. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/136158S389

Breeding Tomato Hybrids for Flavour: Comparison of GWAS Results Obtained on Lines and F1 Hybrids

[EN] Tomato flavour is an important goal for breeders. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major determinants of tomato flavour. Although most tomato varieties for fresh market are F1 hybrids, most studies on the genetic control of flavour-related traits are performed on lines. We quantified 46 VOCs in a panel of 121 small fruited lines and in a test cross panel of 165 hybrids (the previous panel plus 44 elite cherry tomato lines crossed with a common line). High and consistent heritabilities were assessed for most VOCs in the two panels, and 65% of VOC contents were strongly correlated between lines and hybrids. Additivity was observed for most VOCs. We performed genome wide association studies (GWAS) on the two panels separately, along with a third GWAS on the test cross subset carrying only F1 hybrids corresponding to the line panel. We identified 205, 183 and 138 associations, respectively. We identified numerous overlapping associations for VOCs belonging to the same metabolic pathway within each panel; we focused on seven chromosome regions with clusters of associations simultaneously involved in several key VOCs for tomato aroma. The study highlighted the benefit of testcross panels to create tasty F1 hybrid varieties.This research was funded by the CIFRE project Qualhytom, grant number 2018/1239, the ANR project TomEpiSet, grant number ANR-16-CE20-0014 and European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, HARNESSTOM, grant number No. 101000716.Bineau, E.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; Priego-Cubero, S.; Hereil, A.; Bitton, F.; Plissonneau, C.; Granell Richart, A.... (2021). Breeding Tomato Hybrids for Flavour: Comparison of GWAS Results Obtained on Lines and F1 Hybrids. Genes. 12(9):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12091443S12012

An integrative "omics" apprach identifies new candidate genes to impact aroma volatiles in peach fruit

[EN] Background: Ever since the recent completion of the peach genome, the focus of genetic research in this area has turned to the identification of genes related to important traits, such as fruit aroma volatiles. Of the over 100 volatile compounds described in peach, lactones most likely have the strongest effect on fruit aroma, while esters, terpenoids, and aldehydes have minor, yet significant effects. The identification of key genes underlying the production of aroma compounds is of interest for any fruit-quality improvement strategy. Results: Volatile (52 compounds) and gene expression (4348 genes) levels were profiled in peach fruit from a maturity time-course series belonging to two peach genotypes that showed considerable differences in maturation characteristics and postharvest ripening. This data set was analyzed by complementary correlation-based approaches to discover the genes related to the main aroma-contributing compounds: lactones, esters, and phenolic volatiles, among others. As a case study, one of the candidate genes was cloned and expressed in yeast to show specificity as an omega-6 Oleate desaturase, which may be involved in the production of a precursor of lactones/esters. Conclusions: Our approach revealed a set of genes (an alcohol acyl transferase, fatty acid desaturases, transcription factors, protein kinases, cytochromes, etc.) that are highly associated with peach fruit volatiles, and which could prove useful in breeding or for biotechnological purposes.We are grateful to Cristina Besada, PhD (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, IVIA, Spain) for her help with the fruit quality parameter analyses. We are also thankful to Cristina Marti and Clara Pons (Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, IBMCP, Spain) for their advice on microarray analyses. Jesus Garcia Brunton, PhD for providing the fruits used in this study (Instituto Murciano de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agrario, IMIDA, Spain). HS-SPME-GC-MS analyses were performed at the Metabolomic lab facilities at the IBMCP (CSIC) in Spain. GS has financial support from INTA (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Argentine). This project has been funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitivity grant AGL2010-20595.Sánchez, G.; Venegas Calerón, M.; Salas, J.; Monforte Gilabert, AJ.; Badenes, M.; Granell Richart, A. (2013). An integrative "omics" apprach identifies new candidate genes to impact aroma volatiles in peach fruit. BMC Genomics. 14(343):1-23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-343S1231434

Genetic Control of Reproductive Traits in Tomatoes Under High Temperature

[EN] Global climate change is increasing the range of temperatures that crop plants must face during their life cycle, giving negative effects to yields. In this changing scenario, understanding the genetic control of plant responses to a range of increasing temperature conditions is a prerequisite to developing cultivars with increased resilience. The current work reports the identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) involved in reproductive traits affected by temperature, such as the flower number (FLN) and fruit number (FRN) per truss and percentage of fruit set (FRS), stigma exsertion (SE), pollen viability (PV) and the incidence of the physiological disorder tipburn (TB). These traits were investigated in 168 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RIL) and 52 Introgression Lines (IL) derived from the cross between Solanum lycopersicum var. "MoneyMaker" and S. pimpinellifolium accession . Mapping populations were cultivated under increased temperature regimen conditions: T1 (25 degrees C day/21 degrees C night), T2 (30 degrees C day/25 degrees C night) and T3 (35 degrees C day/30 degrees C night). The increase in temperature drastically affected several reproductive traits, for example, FRS in Moneymaker was reduced between 75 and 87% at T2 and T3 when compared to T1, while several RILs showed a reduction of less than 50%. QTL analysis allowed the identification of genomic regions affecting these traits at different temperatures regimens. A total of 22 QTLs involved in reproductive traits at different temperatures were identified by multi-environmental QTL analysis and eight involved in pollen viability traits. Most QTLs were temperature specific, except QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12. Moreover, a QTL located in chromosome 7 was identified for low incidence of TP in the RIL population, which was confirmed in ILs with introgressions on chromosome 7. Furthermore, ILs with introgressions in chromosomes 1 and 12 had good FRN and FRS in T3 in replicated trials. These results represent a catalog of QTLs and pre-breeding materials that could be used as the starting point for deciphering the genetic control of the genetic response of reproductive traits at different temperatures and paving the road for developing new cultivars adapted to climate change.Sara Gimeno was supported by the program "Youth Employment Initiative" from the European Union and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. This work was supported by the European Commission H2020 research and innovation program through the TOMGEM project agreement No. 679796.Gonzalo, MJ.; Li, Y.; Chen, K.; Gil, D.; Montoro, T.; Nájera, I.; Baixauli, C.... (2020). Genetic Control of Reproductive Traits in Tomatoes Under High Temperature. Frontiers in Plant Science. 11:1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00326S11511Abdul-Baki, A. A. (1991). Tolerance of Tomato Cultivars and Selected Germplasm to Heat Stress. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 116(6), 1113-1116. doi:10.21273/jashs.116.6.1113Abdul-Baki, A. A., & Stommel, J. R. (1995). Pollen Viability and Fruit Set of Tomato Genotypes under Optimumand High-temperature Regimes. HortScience, 30(1), 115-117. doi:10.21273/hortsci.30.1.115Adams, S. (2001). Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Development of Tomato Fruits. Annals of Botany, 88(5), 869-877. doi:10.1006/anbo.2001.1524Alam, M., Sultana, N., Ahmad, S., Hossain, M., & Islam, A. (1970). Performance of heat tolerant tomato hybrid lines under hot, humid conditions. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 35(3), 367-373. doi:10.3329/bjar.v35i3.6442Alba, J. M., Montserrat, M., & Fernández-Muñoz, R. (2008). Resistance to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) by acylsucroses of wild tomato (Solanum pimpinellifolium) trichomes studied in a recombinant inbred line population. 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The peach volatilome modularity is reflected at the genetic and environmental response levels in a QTL mapping population

Background: The improvement of fruit aroma is currently one of the most sought-after objectives in peach breeding programs. To better characterize and assess the genetic potential for increasing aroma quality by breeding, a quantity trait locus (QTL) analysis approach was carried out in an F-1 population segregating largely for fruit traits. Results: Linkage maps were constructed using the IPSC peach 9 K Infinium (R) II array, rendering dense genetic maps, except in the case of certain chromosomes, probably due to identity-by-descent of those chromosomes in the parental genotypes. The variability in compounds associated with aroma was analyzed by a metabolomic approach based on GC-MS to profile 81 volatiles across the population from two locations. Quality-related traits were also studied to assess possible pleiotropic effects. Correlation-based analysis of the volatile dataset revealed that the peach volatilome is organized into modules formed by compounds from the same biosynthetic origin or which share similar chemical structures. QTL mapping showed clustering of volatile QTL included in the same volatile modules, indicating that some are subjected to joint genetic control. The monoterpene module is controlled by a unique locus at the top of LG4, a locus previously shown to affect the levels of two terpenoid compounds. At the bottom of LG4, a locus controlling several volatiles but also melting/non-melting and maturity-related traits was found, suggesting putative pleiotropic effects. In addition, two novel loci controlling lactones and esters in linkage groups 5 and 6 were discovered. Conclusions: The results presented here give light on the mode of inheritance of the peach volatilome confirming previously loci controlling the aroma of peach but also identifying novel ones.GS has financial support from INTA (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Argentina). HS-SPME-GC-MS analyses were performed at the Metabolomic lab facilities at the IBMCP (CSIC) in Spain. This project has been funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitivity grant AGL2010-20595.Sánchez, G.; Martinez, J.; Romeu, J.; Garcia, J.; Monforte Gilabert, AJ.; Badenes, M.; Granell Richart, A. (2014). The peach volatilome modularity is reflected at the genetic and environmental response levels in a QTL mapping population. BMC Plant Biology. 14(137):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-14-137S11614137Klee, H. J., & Giovannoni, J. J. (2011). Genetics and Control of Tomato Fruit Ripening and Quality Attributes. 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J., Sánchez, G., Granell, A., García-Brunton, J., Badenes, M. L., & Ríos, G. (2014). Quantitative trait loci affecting reproductive phenology in peach. BMC Plant Biology, 14(1), 52. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-14-52Lander, E. S., Green, P., Abrahamson, J., Barlow, A., Daly, M. J., Lincoln, S. E., & Newburg, L. (1987). MAPMAKER: An interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. Genomics, 1(2), 174-181. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(87)90010-3Voorrips, R. E. (2002). MapChart: Software for the Graphical Presentation of Linkage Maps and QTLs. Journal of Heredity, 93(1), 77-78. doi:10.1093/jhered/93.1.77Tikunov, Y., Lommen, A., de Vos, C. H. R., Verhoeven, H. A., Bino, R. J., Hall, R. D., & Bovy, A. G. (2005). A Novel Approach for Nontargeted Data Analysis for Metabolomics. Large-Scale Profiling of Tomato Fruit Volatiles. Plant Physiology, 139(3), 1125-1137. doi:10.1104/pp.105.068130Shannon, P. (2003). 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Eliciting tomato plant defenses by exposure to herbivore induced plant volatiles

[EN] When zoophytophagous mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae) feed on tomato plants they activate both direct and indirect defense mechanisms, which include the release of herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). HIPVs are capable of activating defense mechanisms in healthy neighboring plants. In this work, we investigated which of these mirid-induced HIPVs are responsible for inducing plant defenses. Healthy tomato plants were individually exposed to eight HIPVs [1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl butanoate, hexyl butanoate, methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate] for 24 hours. Then, the expression level of defensive genes was quantified. All HIPVs led to increased expression of defensive genes by the plant when compared to unexposed tomato plants. In a further step, (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate and methyl salicylate were selected to study the response of four tomato key pests and one natural enemy to tomato plants previously exposed to both HIPVs relative to unexposed control plants. Plants previously exposed to both HIPVs were repellent to Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), attractive to the parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and indifferent to Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). The volatiles emitted by plants previously exposed to both selected volatiles were also determined. Increased levels of C5 and C6 fatty acid-derived volatile compounds and beta-ionone were detected, confirming that both HIPVs significantly activated the lipoxygenase pathway. These results are the starting point to advance the use of volatile compounds as defense elicitors in tomato crops.The research leading to these results was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO (AGL2014-55616-C3 and RTA201700073-00-00) and the Conselleria d'Agricultura, Pesca i Alimentacio de la Generalitat Valenciana. The authors thank Dr. Alejandro Tena (IVIA) and Alice Mockford (University of Worcester) for helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.Perez-Hedo, M.; Alonso-Valiente, M.; Vacas, S.; Gallego, C.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; Navarro-Llopis, V.; Granell Richart, A.... (2021). Eliciting tomato plant defenses by exposure to herbivore induced plant volatiles. Entomologia Generalis. 41(3):209-218. https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2021/1196S20921841