51 research outputs found
Opportunities and challenges for breeding perennial ryegrass cultivars with improved livestock production potential
peer-reviewedThis review addresses key factors and impediments that govern the efficient transfer of nutrient energy from primary producing grassland to ruminant milk and meat. The review focuses on permanent improved grasslands, defined as âswards maintained at a high production potential by grass-to-grass renewalâ, frequently of a 5- to 10-yr longevity. Breeding progress to date is examined as are the primary objectives for the next generation of cultivars. This involves aligning grass productivity to ruminant demand in three primary aspects, namely intake potential, nutritional value and productivity profile. The opportunity to selectively improve plant traits affecting sward structure, chemical composition, seasonality and ability to persist and perform under farm conditions is evaluated. The EU context involves appraising the impact of variables such as grass species and cultivar, regional abiotic stresses (water, temperature, nutrients, soil type, etc.), biotic stresses from disease and pests, regional diversity in sward management strategies, and the opportunity to minimise the environmental footprint of ruminant farming
An economic comparison of pasture-based production systems differing in sward type and cow genotype
peer-reviewedThe objective of this study was to compare the economic performance of 2 sward types [perennial ryegrass (PRG; Lolium perenne L.) sown with or without white clover (Trifolium repens L.)] grazed by 3 cow genotypes. Physical performance data were collected from a 4-yr systems experiment based at Clonakilty Agricultural College, Clonakilty, Co. Cork, Ireland. The experiment compared 2 sward types (PRG-only swards and PRGâwhite clover swards), with each sward type being grazed by cows from 3 genotypes [Holstein-Friesian (HF), Jersey Ă HF (JEX), and Norwegian Red Ă JEX (3-way)]. All systems were stocked at 2.75 cows/ha with fixed fertilizer applications and concentrate supplementation. The data supplied 6 production systems (2 sward types Ă 3 cow genotypes). The production systems were modeled using the Moorepark Dairy Systems Model (stochastic budgetary simulation model) under 2 scenarios, one in which land area was fixed and one in which cow numbers were fixed. The analysis was completed across a range of milk prices, calf prices, and reseeding programs. The analysis showed that in the fixed-land scenario with a milk price of âŹ0.29/L, adding white clover to PRG swards increased profitability by âŹ305/ha. In the same fixed-land scenario, JEX cows were most profitable (âŹ2,606/ha), followed by 3-way (âŹ2,492/ha) and HF (âŹ2,468/ha) cows. In the fixed-cow scenario, net profit per cow was âŹ128 greater for PRGâwhite clover swards compared with PRG-only swards. In this scenario, JEX was the most profitable per cow (âŹ877), followed by HF (âŹ855) and 3-way (âŹ831). The system that produced the highest net profit was JEX cows grazing PRGâwhite clover swards (âŹ2,751/ha). Regardless of reseeding frequency or variations in calf value, JEX cows grazing PRGâwhite clover swards consistently produced the highest net profit per hectare
Milk production per cow and per hectare of spring-calving dairy cows grazing swards differing in Lolium perenne L. ploidy and Trifolium repens L. composition
peer-reviewedGrazed grass is the cheapest feed available for dairy
cows in temperate regions; thus, to maximize profits,
dairy farmers must optimize the use of this high-quality
feed. Previous research has defined the benefits of
including white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in grass
swards for milk production, usually at reduced nitrogen
usage and stocking rate. The aim of this study was to
quantify the responses in milk production of dairy cows
grazing tetraploid or diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium
perenne L.; PRG) sown with and without white clover
but without reducing stocking rate or nitrogen usage.
We compared 4 grazing treatments in this study: tetraploid
PRG-only swards, diploid PRG-only swards,
tetraploid with white clover swards, and diploid with
white clover swards. Thirty cows were assigned to each
treatment, and swards were rotationally grazed at a
farm-level stocking rate of 2.75 cows/ha and a nitrogen
fertilizer rate of 250 kg/ha annually. Sward white clover
content was 23.6 and 22.6% for tetraploid with white
clover swards and diploid with white clover swards, respectively.
Milk production did not differ between the
2 ploidies during this 4-yr study, but cows grazing the
PRG-white clover treatments had significantly greater
milk yields (+596 kg/cow per year) and milk solid
yields (+48 kg/cow per year) compared with cows grazing
the PRG-only treatments. The PRG-white clover
swards also produced 1,205 kg of DM/ha per year more
herbage, which was available for conserving and buffer
feeding in spring when these swards were less productive
than PRG-only swards. Although white clover is
generally combined with reduced nitrogen fertilizer use,
this study provides evidence that including white clover
in either tetraploid or diploid PRG swards, combined
with high levels of nitrogen fertilizer, can effectively
increase milk production per cow and per hectar
An assessment of the production, reproduction, and functional traits of Holstein-Friesian, Jersey Ă Holstein-Friesian, and Norwegian Red Ă (Jersey Ă Holstein-Friesian) cows in pasture-based systems
Peer-ReviewedPasture-based production systems typically require
highly fertile, healthy, and robust genetics, with greater
emphasis on milk solids (MSo; kg of fat + protein) production
as opposed to milk yield. This study assessed
milk production, production efficiency, reproductive
performance, body weight (BW), body condition score,
and functional traits in 3 different dairy cow genotypes:
Holstein-Friesian (HF), Jersey Ă Holstein-Friesian
(JEX), and Norwegian Red Ă (Jersey Ă Holstein-
Friesian) (3-way). The 3 genotypes were rotationally
grazed on 4 different grazing treatments after calving
in spring and were stocked at a rate of 2.75 cows/ha.
Holstein-Friesian cows produced higher daily and total
milk yields compared with JEX and 3-way cows (5,718
vs. 5,476 and 5,365 kg/cow, respectively). However,
JEX and 3-way cows had higher milk fat and protein
contents (4.86 and 4.75%, respectively, for JEX and
3.87 and 3.88%, respectively, for 3-way) compared with
HF (4.52 and 3.72%), resulting in similar MSo yield
for JEX and HF (469 and 460 kg/cow) and slightly
lower MSo yield for 3-way (453 kg/cow) compared
with JEX. As parity increased, milk and MSo yield per
cow increased. Reproductive performance was not significantly
different between the 3 genotypes, which had
similar 24-d submission rates, 6-wk pregnancy rates,
and overall pregnancy rates over the 4-yr period. No
difference in calving difficulty, incidence of mastitis, or
incidence of lameness was observed among the 3 genotypes.
Body weight was significantly different among
all 3 genotypes, with HF being the heaviest followed by
3-way and JEX (530, 499, and 478 kg, respectively), and 3-way cows had a higher body condition score throughout
lactation compared with HF and JEX cows. The
differences in BW coupled with similar MSo production
resulted in JEX cows having the highest production
efficiency (4.58 kg of MSo/kg of metabolic BW), 3-way
cows being intermediate (4.30 kg of MSo/kg of metabolic
BW), and HF cows having the lowest (4.16 kg of
MSo/kg of metabolic BW). In conclusion, HF herds
with poor reproductive performance and low milk fat
and protein contents are likely to benefit considerably
from crossbreeding with Jersey, and all herds are likely
to benefit in terms of production efficiency. However,
where herd performance, particularly in relation to reproductive
performance, is comparable with HF in the
current study, crossbreeding with Jersey or Norwegian
Red is unlikely to lead to significant improvements in
overall herd performance
The effect of Lolium perenne L. ploidy and Trifolium repens L. inclusion on dry matter intake and production efficiencies of spring-calving grazing dairy cows
peer-reviewedThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.; PRG) ploidy and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) inclusion on milk production, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk production efficiencies. Four separate grazing treatments were evaluated: tetraploid PRG only, diploid PRG only, tetraploid PRG with white clover, and diploid PRG with white clover. Individual DMI was estimated 8 times during the study (3 times in 2015, 2 times in 2016, and 3 times in 2017) using the n-alkane technique. Cows were, on average, 64, 110, and 189 d in milk during the DMI measurement period, corresponding to spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Measures of milk production efficiency were total DMI/100 kg of body weight (BW), milk solids (kg of fat + protein; MSo)/100 kg of BW, solids-corrected milk/100 kg of BW, and MSo/kg of total DMI. Perennial ryegrass ploidy had no effect on DMI; however, a significant increase in DMI (+0.5 kg/cow per day) was observed from cows grazing PRG-white clover swards compared with PRG-only swards. Sward white clover content influenced DMI as there was no increase in DMI in spring (9% sward white cover content), whereas DMI was greater in summer and autumn for cows grazing PRG-white clover swards (+0.8 kg/cow per day) compared with PRG-only swards (14 and 23% sward white clover content, respectively). The greater DMI of cows grazing PRG-white clover swards led to increased milk (+1.3 kg/cow per day) and MSo (+0.10 kg/cow per day) yields. Cows grazing PRG-white clover swards were also more efficient for total DMI/100 kg of BW, solids-corrected milk/100 kg of BW, and MSo/100 kg of BW compared with cows grazing PRG-only swards due to their similar BW but higher milk and MSo yields. The results highlight the potential of PRG-white clover swards to increase DMI at grazing and to improve milk production efficiency in pasture-based systems
Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.
BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362
Comparison of perennial ryegrass varieties for differences in grazing efficiency
The aim of this study was to determine differences in grazing efficiency between varieties of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and to determine varietal traits influencing grazing efficiency. Grazing efficiency refers to the proportion of leaf tissue that is removed, relative to the amount presented to the animals prior to grazing. Low post-grazing sward heights are desirable as they condition the sward to increase leaf production and thus reduce the proportion of stem in the sward in subsequent rotations. Thirty varieties of perennial ryegrass from the Irish Recommended List were studied. The plots were grazed on nineteen occasions over two years, 2017 and 2018. Pre-grazing sward height, post-grazing sward height, herbage production, nutritive quality and morphology were measured throughout the trial. Varieties differed in their level of grazing efficiency (P<0.001) with post-grazing sward heights ranging from 3.54 to 4.60 cm. Residual Grazed Height (RGH) was derived as a measure of grazing efficiency calculated as the difference between achieved post-grazing height and predicted post-grazing height from a mixed model. Nutritive quality analysis was shown to have a significant effect on grazing efficiency. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) was shown to have a significant negative effect on postgrazing sward height (R2=0.63). Tetraploids had greater OMD than diploids (787 g kgâ1 DM vs 776 g kgâ1 DM respectively)
Comparison of perennial ryegrass varieties for differences in grazing efficiency
The aim of this study was to determine differences in grazing efficiency between varieties of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and to determine varietal traits influencing grazing efficiency. Grazing efficiency refers to the proportion of leaf tissue that is removed, relative to the amount presented to the animals prior to grazing. Low post-grazing sward heights are desirable as they condition the sward to increase leaf production and thus reduce the proportion of stem in the sward in subsequent rotations. Thirty varieties of perennial ryegrass from the Irish Recommended List were studied. The plots were grazed on nineteen occasions over two years, 2017 and 2018. Pre-grazing sward height, post-grazing sward height, herbage production, nutritive quality and morphology were measured throughout the trial. Varieties differed in their level of grazing efficiency (P<0.001) with post-grazing sward heights ranging from 3.54 to 4.60 cm. Residual Grazed Height (RGH) was derived as a measure of grazing efficiency calculated as the difference between achieved post-grazing height and predicted post-grazing height from a mixed model. Nutritive quality analysis was shown to have a significant effect on grazing efficiency. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) was shown to have a significant negative effect on postgrazing sward height (R2=0.63). Tetraploids had greater OMD than diploids (787 g kgâ1 DM vs 776 g kgâ1 DM respectively)
Predetermining factors for grazing efficiency differences in perennial ryegrass varieties
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.; PRG) is the principal forage species sown in Ireland for ruminant production. This forage is predominantly fed as grazed grass and has been shown to be the most efficient feed for Irish ruminant production systems. Anecdotal evidence exists from farmers claiming that grazing livestock show preference for certain perennial ryegrass varieties. The aim of this study was to determine what varietal traits in perennial ryegrass influence grazing efficiency by examining differences in grazing intensity between varieties. Grazing efficiency was defined as the proportion of leaf tissue grazed, relative to that presented. Fifty-five PRG varieties were assessed. The plots were rotationally grazed by dairy cows for four grazing seasons from 2015 to 2018 inclusive. Varieties were shown to differ in their level of grazing utilisation (P<0.001). The average difference across the four years between the most and least grazed variety was 0.85 cm (3.72 and 4.54 cm respectively). Tetraploid varieties as a group were shown to have a greater utilisation performance than the diploid group (P<0.001) with mean Residual Grazed
Surface Heights (ResGSH) of -0.15 and +0.11 respectively. Increased digestibility and a more open sward structure were associated with varieties found to have greater graze-out potential
Long term dry matter production of Lolium perenne as influenced by management and cultivar
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