Convergence of primary schooling in France before the Ferry laws

Seit Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts gilt die Entwicklung der Grundschulbildung als wesentliches Charakteristikum entwickelter kapitalistischer Gesellschaften. Dies wurde in der französischen Bildungsforschung bisher als selbstverständlich angesehen. Die Verfasser vertreten hier eine unterschiedliche Ansicht und diskutieren neue empirische und theoretische Perspektiven auf die wachsende Bildungsbeteiligung in Frankreich. Ihre nach Verwaltungsbezirken differenzierende cliometrische Analyse der Bildungsbeteiligung im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhunderts basiert auf retrospektiven landesweiten Daten und ökonometrischen Methoden. (ICEÜbers)'The development of primary schooling has been considered since the beginning of the nineteenth century as a major process and notably characteristic of developed capitalist societies. French research on education has generally merely noted this development, considering the interpretation to be obvious. We have a different conception, considering that the increase in school attendance in France requires a fresh conceptual approach and new empirical and theoretical validation work. For this, our cliometric study of primary education by administrative department in France in the nineteenth century is based on retrospective national accountancy and econometric methods.' (author's abstract

L’orientation professionnelle des diplômés des beaux-arts : étude des stratégies de positionnement

Le marché du travail artistique présente des spécificités (flexibilité, importance du statut d’indépendant, précarité, pluriactivité...) qui en font un domaine original d’étude. Les sortants des Écoles d’Art se présentent sur ce marché avec un diplôme de niveau Bac + 5. Ils sont cependant loin de constituer une population homogène. À travers cette étude, des choix différenciés de positionnement apparaissent liés aux cursus et aux caractéristiques personnelles des diplômés. Ainsi, alors que les carrières artistiques restent déterminées, dans l’imaginaire collectif, par l’idée de vocation, cet article tente de prolonger les analyses sur les stratégies individuelles d’insertion en montrant que le diplômé d’école d’art intègre dans ses perspectives professionnelles non seulement les opportunités du marché de l’emploi mais aussi la qualité de leur cursus.The artistic labour market has specific features (flexibility, self-employment, precariousness, multi-activity...) that make it an interesting field of study. Graduates of Fine Art schools enter this market with a diploma of Bac + 5 level. They are, however, far from constituting a homogeneous population. This study shows how differentiated positioning choices are linked with curriculum and personal characteristics of the graduates. Thus, whereas in the collective imagination the artistic careers are still governed by the idea of vocation, this article tries to deepen the analyses of individual strategies on the entering into the labour market. It shows that the Fine Art diploma integrates into its professional perspectives not only opportunities of the labour market but also the quality of its cursus

2,4-Dichloro-6-({2-[(3,5-dichloro-2-hy­droxy­benzyl­idene)amino]­eth­yl}imino­meth­yl)phenol

The title mol­ecule, C16H12Cl4N2O2, lies about an inversion center. The symmetry-unique part of the mol­ecule contains an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. In the crystal, mol­ecules are arranged in corrugated layers parallel to (-101). Weak π–π stacking inter­actions, with a centroid–centroid diatance of 3.7923 (13) Å, are present

Bis(3-acetyl-6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-4-olato)bis­(dimethyl sulfoxide)nickel(II)

In the title compound, [Ni(C8H7O4)2{(CH3)2SO}2], the NiII atom is located on a crystallographic centre of symmetry and has a distorted octa­hedral coordination geometry of type MO6. The bidentate dehydro­acetic acid (DHA) ligands occupy the equatorial plane of the complex in a trans configuration, and the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ligands are weakly coordinated through their O atoms in the axial positions

Dual-task related gait changes after CSF tapping: a new way to identify idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

BACKGROUND: Gait disturbances found in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) are unspecific to the diagnosis and commonly occur in neurodegenerative or vascular conditions (iNPH-like conditions). This current retrospective pre-post intervention study aims to determine whether changes in quantitative gait parameters during dual task condition differed between iNPH and iNPH-like conditions before and after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tapping. METHODS: 49 patients assessed before and after CSF tapping were included in this study (27 with iNPH and 22 with iNPH-like conditions). Gait analysis during single and dual task conditions (walking and backward counting) was performed before and after a CSF spinal tap of 40 ml. Gait parameters were compared between iNPH and iNPH-like conditions patients. Logistic regressions were used to examine the association between iNPH and gait parameters. RESULTS: Improvements of step width (−9.03 (20.75)% for iNPH group; +0.28 (21.76)% for iNPH-like conditions group), stride length (+7.82 (20.71)% for iNPH group; -0.62 (19.22)% for iNPH-like conditions group), walking speed (+12.20 (29.79)% for iNPH group; +2.38 (32.50)% for iNPH-like conditions group) and stance duration (−1.23 (4.03)% for iNPH group; +0.49 (5.12)% for iNPH-like conditions group) during dual task, after CSF spinal tapping, were significant in patients with iNPH compared to patients with iNPH-like conditions. No between group difference was observed for the single walking task evaluation. The multiple logistic regression revealed that among these four gait parameters, only the improvement in step width was associated with the diagnosis of iNPH. CONCLUSION: Dual-task related changes in spatio-temporal gait parameters before and after CSF tapping might be a novel and discriminative method of identifying iNPH patients from other similar conditions

Extensive biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) and multifocal early intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in non-biliary cirrhosis

Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN), a preneoplastic condition that may precede invasive intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), has been compared to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), a precursor lesion of pancreatic carcinoma. Biliary tract carcinoma development and progression is associated with several gene alterations, but BilIN lesions have yet to be studied in detail by molecular techniques. We describe a case of extensive intrahepatic biliary dysplasia, with lesions ranging from BilIN-1 to BilIN-3 lesions, and multifocal microscopic ICC in hepatitis C virus (HCV)- and alcohol-related cirrhosis. The small ICC foci had remained undetected prior to transplantation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed on three foci of BilIN-3 lesions and on three microinvasive ICC foci with a combination of three FISH probes directed against genes frequently altered in pancreatic and biliary tract carcinomas. FISH analysis revealed a CDKNA2 heterozygous deletion in one BilIN-3 focus, and in one non-contiguous ICC focus, although the deletion was just above the chosen threshold. No deletions were detected in the genomic regions encoding TP53 and SMAD4. This report documents for the first time the development of multifocal ICC in the setting of extensive biliary dysplasia in a patient with three risk factors, HCV infection, alcohol abuse, and cirrhosis, and suggests heterogeneous carcinogenesis in ICC and possible involvement of the CDKNA2 gen

Aliénation et émancipation en recherche, détour par la santé mentale et la recherche « avec »

Cet article propose d’abord un parallèle entre le processus de réforme psychiatrique et les transformations en cours en sciences humaines et sociales, ainsi qu’un état de l’influence de la première sur les secondes. Cette entrée ancre la question de l’aliénation et l’émancipation des chercheurs dans un processus historico-politique. Les auteurs proposent ensuite une contribution concrète qui allie des visées praxéologiques, heuristiques et critiques. Ils présentent la création et la dynamique d’un réseau scientifique international (Brésil, Canada et France principalement) et interdisciplinaire. Enfin, l’analyse des activités du réseau est illustrée par un exemple de recherche qui éclaire comment les transformations des pratiques incluent la réflexivité critique des chercheurs sur leurs propres aliénations et la recherche collective de modes alternatifs de mener de activités de recherche. Il en va de l’émancipation des chercheurs, des types de connaissances produites et des personnes concernées.This article first proposes a parallel between the process of psychiatric reform and the transformations taking place in the human and social sciences, as well as a state of the influence of the former on the latter. This entry anchors the question of alienation and emancipation of researchers in a historical-political process. Then, the authors propose a concrete contribution that combines praxeological, heuristic and critical aims. They present the creation and dynamics of an international (mainly Brazil, Canada and France ) and interdisciplinary scientific network. Finally, the analysis of the network’s activities illustrated by a research example sheds light on how the transformations of practices include the critical reflexivity of researchers on their own alienations and the collective search for alternative modes of conducting research activities. At stake is the emancipation of researchers, the types of knowledge produced and the people involved

Changes induced by dietary energy intake and divergent selection for muscle fat content in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), assessed by transcriptome and proteome analysis of the liver

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Growing interest is turned to fat storage levels and allocation within body compartments, due to their impact on human health and quality properties of farm animals. Energy intake and genetic background are major determinants of fattening in most animals, including humans. Previous studies have evidenced that fat deposition depends upon balance between various metabolic pathways. Using divergent selection, we obtained rainbow trout with differences in fat allocation between visceral adipose tissue and muscle, and no change in overall body fat content. Transcriptome and proteome analysis were applied to characterize the molecular changes occurring between these two lines when fed a low or a high energy diet. We focused on the liver, center of intermediary metabolism and the main site for lipogenesis in fish, as in humans and most avian species.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The proteome and transcriptome analyses provided concordant results. The main changes induced by the dietary treatment were observed in lipid metabolism. The level of transcripts and proteins involved in intracellular lipid transport, fatty acid biosynthesis and anti-oxidant metabolism were lower with the lipid rich diet. In addition, genes and proteins involved in amino-acid catabolism and proteolysis were also under expressed with this diet. The major changes related to the selection effect were observed in levels of transcripts and proteins involved in amino-acid catabolism and proteolysis that were higher in the fat muscle line than in the lean muscle line.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study led to the identification of novel genes and proteins that responded to long term feeding with a high energy/high fat diet. Although muscle was the direct target, the selection procedure applied significantly affected hepatic metabolism, particularly protein and amino acid derivative metabolism. Interestingly, the selection procedure and the dietary treatment used to increase muscle fat content exerted opposite effects on the expression of the liver genes and proteins, with little interaction between the two factors. Some of the molecules we identified could be used as markers to prevent excess muscle fat accumulation.</p

2-[N-(4-{4-[(2-Hy­droxy-5-meth­oxy­benzyl­idene)amino]­benz­yl}phen­yl)carboximido­yl]-4-meth­oxy­phenol

In the title Schiff base, C29H26N2O4, the complete molecule is generated by a crystallographic twofold axis and is V-shaped. The planes of the benzene rings of the central diphenyl­methane unit make a dihedral angle of 78.11 (4)° while adjacent benzene and 5-meth­oxy­salicyl­idene rings are twisted with respect to each other by a dihedral angle of 11.84 (8)°. The Schiff base is in the enol–imino form and an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond is observed

Oil accumulation in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: characterization, variability between common laboratory strains and relationship with starch reserves

International audienceBackground: When cultivated under stress conditions, many microalgae species accumulate both starch and oil (triacylglycerols). The model green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has recently emerged as a model to test genetic engineering or cultivation strategies aiming at increasing lipid yields for biodiesel production. Blocking starch synthesis has been suggested as a way to boost oil accumulation. Here, we characterize the triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation process in Chlamydomonas and quantify TAGs in various wild-type and starchless strains. Results: In response to nitrogen deficiency, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii produced TAGs enriched in palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids that accumulated in oil-bodies. Oil synthesis was maximal between 2 and 3 days following nitrogen depletion and reached a plateau around day 5. In the first 48 hours of oil deposition, a~80% reduction in the major plastidial membrane lipids occurred. Upon nitrogen re-supply, mobilization of TAGs started after starch degradation but was completed within 24 hours. Comparison of oil content in five common laboratory strains (CC124, CC125, cw15, CC1690 and 11-32A) revealed a high variability, from 2 μg TAG per million cell in CC124 to 11 μg in 11-32A. Quantification of TAGs on a cell basis in three mutants affected in starch synthesis (cw15sta1-2, cw15sta6 and cw15sta7-1) showed that blocking starch synthesis did not result in TAG over-accumulation compared to their direct progenitor, the arginine auxotroph strain 330. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between cellular oil and starch levels among the twenty wild-type, mutants and complemented strains tested. By contrast, cellular oil content was found to increase steeply with salt concentration in the growth medium. At 100 mM NaCl, oil level similar to nitrogen depletion conditions could be reached in CC124 strain. Conclusion: A reference basis for future genetic studies of oil metabolism in Chlamydomonas is provided. Results highlight the importance of using direct progenitors as control strains when assessing the effect of mutations on oil content. They also suggest the existence in Chlamydomonas of complex interplays between oil synthesis, genetic background and stress conditions. Optimization of such interactions is an alternative to targeted metabolic engineering strategies in the search for high oil yields