Morphometric Evaluation of Coccyx with Microcomputed Tomography (Micro CT) and Computed Tomography (CT) Technology

Aim%253A We investigated the coccyx anatomy accurately in detail by microcomputed tomography (micro CT) and computed tomography (CT) to contribute to the data related to the coccyx anatomy and the potential clinical contribution of these datas in the treatment of coccyxs pathologies. Material and Methods%253A Twenty coccyges from embalmed cadavers were examined with a micro CT device. The inferior part of the sacrum and coccyx together with the surrounding soft tissue was removed safely. The tissue was scanned with a micro CT device, and all parameters were measured with micro CT image viewer programs. CT images of 29 patients without coccyx pathology were measured with OsiriX programs. Measured morphometric parameters with micro CT and CT were evaluated using statistical methods. Results%253A Generally, the morphometric parameters as mean values were larger in males than in females. Mean values for vertical length and coccyx width were higher for CT compared with micro CT images. Coccyx was more flat in the frontal plane in females. There were statistically significant differences between the micro CT and CT images regarding mean vertical length, width, lateral deviation angle, and sacrococcygeal angle and length of the vertebrae (p lt%253B 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in number and width of the vertebrae (p gt%253B 0.05). Conclusion%253A We suggest that examining the normal coccyx morphology will help to better understand and treat the pathologic conditions of the coccyx. We believe our findings will contribute to the data related to the coccyx anatomy

Erişkin Kadavralarda Vertebrae Coccygeae'nın Gross-Anatomik ve Mikro-Bt Cihazı ile Morfometrik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

In the clinical, coccygeal vertebrae related fractures, luxations, tumor, coccygodynia are encountered. However, there are a very few studies on the anatomy of vertebrae coccygea in the literature. Computerized Microtomographs (Micro-CT) allow a spatial resolution of less than 10 micrometers (μm), enabling the three-dimensional structures of anatomical formations to be displayed in a very detailed manner and to make necessary measurements on these formations. Very few studies have been found in the literature with coccygeal vertebrae examined with Micro-CT. In our study, the lateral deviation angle for vertebrae coccygea, angle between vertebrae, trabecular structure of vertebral joint with sacrum, dimensions of coccyx, the number of coccygeal vertebrae, dimensions of vertebrae, the presence of transverse processes in vertebrae and its angulation and length were examined with Micro-CT. All these studies were evaluated separately for women and men. The purpose of the study is to make a contribution to the literature by examining the anatomy and trabecular structure of vertebra coccygeae, which is not much studied in the literature. It is thought that this study will guide clinicians in the evaluation and treatment of pathologies related to vertebrae coccygeae.ONAY SAYFASI iii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI iv ETİK BEYAN v TEŞEKKÜR vi ÖZET vii ABSTRACT viii İÇİNDEKİLER ix SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR xi ŞEKİLLER xii TABLOLAR xiii 1.GİRİŞ 1 2.GENEL BİLGİLER 3 2.1. Embriyoloji 3 2.2. Histoloji 5 2.3. Anatomi 6 2.4. Vertebrae Coccygeae’nın Biyomekaniği 6 2.5. Klinik 7 2.6. Radyolojik Değerlendirme Mikro BT 7 3. GEREÇ ve YÖNTEMLER 8 3.1. Çalışma grubu 8 3.2. Diseksiyon ile Vertebrae Coccygeae’nın Temin Edilmesi ve Görüntü Değerlendirme Yöntemi 8 3.3. Verilerin Toplanması 9 3.4. İstatistiksel Analizler 17 4. BULGULAR 16 4.1. Veri Analizi 16 4.2. Verilerin Değerlendirilmesi 18 4.2.1. Sacrum Orta Hattı ile Vertebra Coccygea'ların Orta Hattı Arasındaki Açı (Lateral Deviasyon Açısı) 18 4.2.2. Sacrum ile Eklem Yapan Birinci Coccygeal Vertebranın Eklem Açısı, Kemik Hacmi, Kemik Yüzeyi, Doku Hacmi, Kemik Yüzey Alanı / Toplam Kemik Hacmi 20 4.2.3. Koksigeal Vertebralarda Processus Transversus Varlığı, Processus Transversus’ların Boyları ve Açıları 24 4.2.4. Koksigeal Vertebralar Arası Açılar 25 4.2.5. Birinci Coccygeal Vertabranın En Proksimal Noktasından, Son Kosigeal Vertebranın En Distalindeki Noktasına Olan Mesafesi 27 4.2.6. Vertebra Coccygea'nın En Dorsalindeki ve En Ventralindeki Noktalar Arasındaki Mesafe 28 4.2.7. Coccygeal Vertebra'ların Genişlik ve Uzunlukları 29 4.2.8. Vertebra’lar Arası Füzyon Varlığı 36 4.3. Micro-BT Görüntüleri 38 5. TARTIŞMA 42 6. SONUÇ ve ÖNERİLER 45 7. KAYNAKLAR 48 8. EKLER Ek 1. Etik Kurul Kararı 9. ÖZGEÇMİŞKlinikte vertebrae coccygeae ile ilgili kırık, luksasyon, tümör, koksigodinia gibi olgularla karşılaşılmaktadır. Buna rağmen vertebrae coccygeae üzerine literatürde çok az çalışma mevcuttur. Tez çalışmasında kullanılan bilgisayarlı Mikrotomografi (Micro-BT) cihazı ise 10 mikrometre(µm)’den daha küçük uzaysal çözünürlüğe olanak kılarak anatomik oluşumların üç boyutlu yapılarının çok ayrıntılı bir şekilde görüntülenmesini ve bu oluşumlar ile ilgili gerekli ölçümlerin yapılmasını mümkün kılar. Literatürde vertebrae coccygeae’nın Micro-BT ile incelendiği çok az çalışmaya rastlanılmıştır. Çalışmamızda vertebrae coccygea ile ilgili lateral deviasyon açısı, vertebra’lar arası açı, sacrum ile eklem yapan vertebra’nın trabekül yapısı, coccyx’in boyutları, vertebra sayıları, vertebra’ların boyutları, processus transversus varlığı Mikro BT ile incelendi. Tüm bu incelemeler kadınlar ve erkekler için ayrı ayrı değerlendirildi. Çalışmanın amacı literatürde çok fazla araştırma bulunmayan vertebra coccygeae’nın anatomisini ve trabekül yapısını inceleyerek literatüre katkı sağlamaktır. Bu çalışmanın vertebrae coccygeae ile ilgili patolojilerin değerlendirilmesi ve tedavisinde klinisyenlere yol göstereceği düşünülmektedi

Thought, Attitudes, and Practices of the Anatomy Departments on Receiving and Embalming Cadavers During the Pandemic Process

During the Covid-19 pandemic that has marked the last years, while governments tried to control the spread of the virus, many-body donation programs were suspended due to difficulties that could potentially be encountered. Given the low body donation acceptance rates during this period, through this study we aimed to evaluate academics' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in cadaver acceptance and embalming practices during the pandemic. The research population of thestudy consisted of the faculty of 112 universities in Turkey who taught in under graduate and graduate programs in the Anatomy Department in 2020. An electronic questionnaire of 24 items, including demographic data, was distributed to the participants' official e-mail addresses. In addition, support was received from the Turkish Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy Society, whose members were also approached through their official group e-mail accounts. Answers were collected from 78 (39 %) out of 200 academics. The findings of the study were under 5 headings (information about cadaver donation and imported cadavers, attitude towards importation of cadavers and acceptance of body donations, precautions against contagion in importation of cadavers and acceptance of body donations and thoughts on their adequacy, considerations for adoption of cadavers for post-graduation education, advice on avoiding contagion in cadaver embalming) were collected and analyzed. The study high lights the importance of cadaver acceptance and embalming practices for medical education to minimally continue in the post-pandemic period. It can also serve as a reference for being cautious when faced with similar situations in the future

Sex determination from the radiographic measurements of calcaneus*

Objectives: The main reason why the calcaneus is chosen for the sex determination is due to its solid structure and resistance to postmortem changes. The comparison of calcanei in radiographies ensures the determination of the sex of corpses whose sex is unknown. A number of skeletons that have been studied as part of the sex determination studies, as well as the variability extents of the male and female samples in the physical and forensic anthropologies which deal with the analysis of the past and present biodiversity, provide information for the observation of data like age, height and sex that are essential for identification. Methods: In this study, we used the radiographies of patients in the Radiology Department of TOBB University of Economics and Technology Hospital. A total of 143 individuals (including 66 male and 77 female patients) whose calcanei were anatomically normal were involved in the study. The participating individuals were divided into three groups: Group 1 consisted of individuals born in and before 1970, Group 2 consisted of individuals born between 1971 and 1985, and Group 3 consisted of individuals born in and after 1986. Sex distribution was similar in each of the three age groups. Metric and non-metric methods were used in the process of identification held with the aim of sex distinction. Metric measurements were made for eight parameters of the calcaneus, e.g. maximum width, body width, maximum length, minimum length, height of the facies articularis cuboidea, tuber angle, front angle and the tuber plantar angle. Results: The maximum, minimum and average values of the conducted measurements were obtained. In each of the age groups, differences were observed between the metric lengths of the female and male parameters. Groups 1 and 2 showed similarities in the angular (alpha, beta, sigma) lengths and Group 3 showed similar values in alpha and sigma angles. A statistically significant difference was observed in the beta angle of Group 3. When all of the measurements of the three groups were compared, the maximum height, the minimum height and alpha angle showed similarities, whereas in other parameters a statistically significant difference was observed. Conclusion: This study reveals the importance of calcaneus in the sex determination and suggests that it can be used as an alternative method in the forensic anthropology and forensic sciences

Can Lateral Offset Be Used as a Predictive Marker for Proximal Femur Disorders?

When the lateral offset (LO) changes, the forces acting on the head and neck of the femur change. Increase or decrease in LO can cause instability and possible dislocation of the implant. In addition, when the offset is reduced, more force is needed to balance the pelvis by the abductor muscles, and the force that occurs along the hip joint increases and causes wear and tear. In this study we aimed to investigate whether there is a correlation between LO and proximal femur morphology, and according to the results we aimed to investigate whether the LO can be used as a predictive marker for the risk of femoral neck fractures, osteoarthritis or femoroacetabular impingement. Methods: Femur length, femur neck length, femoral neck–shaft angle (NSA), anteroposterior (a–p) and superoinferior (s–i) diameters of femoral head and neck, and LO were measured on 82 dry adult femora of unknown age and gender from Turkish population. Results: There was no statistically significant correlation between the LO and a–p and s–i diameters of femoral head or neck. However, there was found statistically significant correlation between LO and femoral NSA (p < 0.01), femoral neck length (p < 0.05) and femur length (p < 0.01). Conclusion: High LO values can be used as an indicator for neck fractures, a negative marker for OA, but LO does not appear to be used as an indicator for FAI. © 2021, Indian Orthopaedics Association

Investigation of the effect of ghrelin on bone fracture healing in rats

© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Australia, LtdGhrelin is known to have effects on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and improvement of bone mineral density in rats. However, no experimental research on ghrelin's effects on fracture healing has been reported. In this context, the effect of ghrelin on the union of femoral shaft fractures was examined in this study by evaluating whether ghrelin will directly contribute to fracture healing. Forty male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into two groups as control and experimental (ghrelin treated) and standard closed shaft fractures were created in the left femurs of all rats. Daily ghrelin injections were applied to the experimental groups and equal numbers of rats were killed after 14 and 28 days following fracture formation. Tissue samples were examined with radiological, biomechanical, biochemical and histological analyses. Densitometry study showed that bone mineral density was improved after 28 days of ghrelin treatment compared to control. On histological examination, at the end of the 14 and 28 days of recovery, significant union was observed in the ghrelin-treated group. The ghrelin-treated group had higher breaking strength and stiffness at the end of 28 days of recovery. Biochemically, ALP levels were found to be higher in the ghrelin-treated group at the end of 28 days of recovery. Results showed that ghrelin directly contributes to fracture healing and it is promising to consider the effect of ghrelin on fracture healing in human studies with pharmacological applications