Nutritive value and energy content of the straw of selected Vicia L. taxa from Tunisia

The chemical composition and energy value of straws of <em>Vicia sativa</em> L. (varieties Languedoc and Mghila, and subspecies <em>amphicarpa</em>) and <em>Vicia villosa</em> Roth. (variety Sejenane and accession 2565) were investigated. The plants were grown in a Mediterranean environment, under identical environmental conditions. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) and energy values (digestible energy, metabolisable energy, and net energy for lactation) were estimated according to the equations developed by the 2001 Dairy National Research Council. Both ether extract (EE) or total fatty acids (FA) amounts, and digestible neutral detergent fibre (dNDF) calculated from chemical analysis or measured using a 48-hour rumen <em>in vitro</em> assay were used for calculations. Significant differences were observed in the chemical composition and energy value of the straws of the considered <em>V. sativa</em> and <em>V. villosa</em> varieties. Within the same variety, the TDN was similar using either EE or FA values for calculation. The energy resulted largely dependent on the dNDF values. Energy was higher when <em>in vitro</em> dNDF was used for calculation in low-NDF straw samples, while the opposite occurred for high-NDF samples

Trophic ecology and reproduction in the wild population of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from a shallow macrotidal ecosystem : case of Arcachon Bay

Le fonctionnement écologique des écosystèmes côtiers est soumis à l’action synergique des changements climatiques et des pressions anthropiques. Au sein du Bassin d’Arcachon, l’huître Crassostrea gigas, montre depuis quelques années une modification du cycle reproductif (i.e. faible formation des gamètes, retard de ponte), qui semble lié aux modifications globales des conditions thermiques et trophiques du milieu. L’objectif de ce travail consiste à réaliser un état des lieux de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de l’état reproductif des huîtres dans le Bassin d’Arcachon, en lien avec l’origine, la quantité et la qualité de la ressource trophique. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de révéler d’importants gradients spatiaux de variabilité du développement gonadique et du signal trophique chez C. gigas, entre les parties internes sous influences des rivières (sud-est et nord-est), et la partie externe sous influences océaniques. Deux facteurs clés se sont révélés en partie explicatifs de cette variabilité, le temps d’immersion et le temps de renouvellement océanique. Un comparatif de la gamétogenèse et du pool nutritif entre les parties sud-est et nord-est du bassin a permis de démontrer une variabilité temporelle de la composition phytoplanctonique associée à une variabilité des apports en acides gras essentiels à la formation et la maturité des gamètes. La dynamique de la mise en réserves ainsi que le déclenchement des pontes chez C. gigas se sont révélés synchrones à la variabilité saisonnière de la quantité et la qualité du pool nutritif. Ces résultats représentent une première étape vers le développement d’un modèle prédictif des besoins énergétiques de l’espèce sous l’effet des changements globaux des conditions environnementales.The ecological functioning of coastal ecosystems is subjected to the synergistic action of climate change and anthropogenic pressures. In Arcachon Bay, the reproductive cycle of the oyster Crassostrea gigas has changed in recent years (e.g. weak gametogenesis, spawning delay). This pattern seems to be associated with global changes in thermal and trophic conditions. The aim of this work was to characterize the spatio-temporal variability in the reproductive investment of oysters in Arcachon Bay. This variability has been investigated in relation to the origin, quantity and quality of the trophic resources. The results revealed important spatial gradients of variability in gonadal development and trophic signal in C. gigas, between inner parts of the bay influenced by river inputs (south-east and north-east) and the external part of the bay, which is influenced by oceanic inputs. Two hydrodynamic factors explained most of the observed variability: immersion time and oceanic water renewal. A comparison of C. gigas gametogenesis and the nutritional value of available food sources between the south-eastern and north-eastern parts of the bay revealed temporal variability in the composition of phytoplankton. This variability was associated with variability in the amounts of essential fatty acids, necessary for gametogenesis. Changes in energy reserves and gamete release cycle were synchronized with the seasonal nutrient variability. These results constitute a first approach in the development of a model predicting the evolution of the energetic needs of C. gigas under the global change in environmental conditions

Ecologie trophique et reproduction d'une population sauvage d'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas dans un écosystème macrotidal, peu profond : cas du Bassin d'Arcachon

The ecological functioning of coastal ecosystems is subjected to the synergistic action of climate change and anthropogenic pressures. In Arcachon Bay, the reproductive cycle of the oyster Crassostrea gigas has changed in recent years (e.g. weak gametogenesis, spawning delay). This pattern seems to be associated with global changes in thermal and trophic conditions. The aim of this work was to characterize the spatio-temporal variability in the reproductive investment of oysters in Arcachon Bay. This variability has been investigated in relation to the origin, quantity and quality of the trophic resources. The results revealed important spatial gradients of variability in gonadal development and trophic signal in C. gigas, between inner parts of the bay influenced by river inputs (south-east and north-east) and the external part of the bay, which is influenced by oceanic inputs. Two hydrodynamic factors explained most of the observed variability: immersion time and oceanic water renewal. A comparison of C. gigas gametogenesis and the nutritional value of available food sources between the south-eastern and north-eastern parts of the bay revealed temporal variability in the composition of phytoplankton. This variability was associated with variability in the amounts of essential fatty acids, necessary for gametogenesis. Changes in energy reserves and gamete release cycle were synchronized with the seasonal nutrient variability. These results constitute a first approach in the development of a model predicting the evolution of the energetic needs of C. gigas under the global change in environmental conditions.Le fonctionnement écologique des écosystèmes côtiers est soumis à l’action synergique des changements climatiques et des pressions anthropiques. Au sein du Bassin d’Arcachon, l’huître Crassostrea gigas, montre depuis quelques années une modification du cycle reproductif (i.e. faible formation des gamètes, retard de ponte), qui semble lié aux modifications globales des conditions thermiques et trophiques du milieu. L’objectif de ce travail consiste à réaliser un état des lieux de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de l’état reproductif des huîtres dans le Bassin d’Arcachon, en lien avec l’origine, la quantité et la qualité de la ressource trophique. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de révéler d’importants gradients spatiaux de variabilité du développement gonadique et du signal trophique chez C. gigas, entre les parties internes sous influences des rivières (sud-est et nord-est), et la partie externe sous influences océaniques. Deux facteurs clés se sont révélés en partie explicatifs de cette variabilité, le temps d’immersion et le temps de renouvellement océanique. Un comparatif de la gamétogenèse et du pool nutritif entre les parties sud-est et nord-est du bassin a permis de démontrer une variabilité temporelle de la composition phytoplanctonique associée à une variabilité des apports en acides gras essentiels à la formation et la maturité des gamètes. La dynamique de la mise en réserves ainsi que le déclenchement des pontes chez C. gigas se sont révélés synchrones à la variabilité saisonnière de la quantité et la qualité du pool nutritif. Ces résultats représentent une première étape vers le développement d’un modèle prédictif des besoins énergétiques de l’espèce sous l’effet des changements globaux des conditions environnementales

Influence of phytoplankton diversity and community structure on oyster reproduction (Arcachon Bay, France)

Arcachon Bay is one of the most important spat-supplying area for the French oyster production. During the last 16 years, the local economic activity of spat production has been threatened recurrently by a high interannual variability of seed harvesting. This threatened spat production was attributed to reproductive problems highlighted by both a delay in oyster spawning and a decrease of small larvae abundances since 1995. Recent works showed that these two reproduction indices seem closely related to climate change that might controls the phytoplankton communities of the Bay. Food availability in term of quantity and quality appears thus as a serious track to understand the reproductive problems of oyster in the Arcachon Bay. The aim of this work was thus to understand how phytoplankton might control the growth and reproductive effort of oysters in Arcachon Bay through microphytoplankton diversity and composition

Effect of garlic’s mode of administration on erythrocytes and plasma parameters in Wistar rat

Garlic preparations are recognized as hypolipidemic, cardioprotective and antihypertensive agents. However, there are some discrepancies about the beneficial effects of garlic according to dosage and mode of administration. We aimed to determine the ability of high dosage garlic (5 g/kg bw) to modulate erythrocytes and plasma parameters when administered orally (p.o.) or via intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. With regard to erythrocytes parameters, p.o. garlic treatment was found to have beneficial effects as it increased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Garlic i.p. treatment showed detrimental activity as it decreased these parameters. Our results reveal that garlic administered by p.o. does not involve any significant variation on mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Nevertheless, garlic i.p. increased MCV but reduced the MCH. The MCHC remained invariable even in intraperitoneal way. Concerning plasma parameters, our data show that garlic did not induce any variation on glycaemia and plasma electrolytes whatever its mode of administration. High garlic dosage was found to be relatively safe when administered orally.Keywords: Garlic, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, glycaemia, plasmatic electrolytes, administration mod

Natural repellents based on three botanical species essential oils as an eco-friendly approach against aphids

The aim of this work is to analyze the chemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus, Salvia officinalis and Origanum majorana essential oils (EO) and evaluate their repellent effects on economically significant aphid species. The hydrodistillation yields of the plant's aerial parts were 0.45%, 0.32% and 0.25% for O. majorana, S. officinalis and C. citratus respectively. Chemical analysis by GC-MS identified 87.6%, 100% and 97% of C. citra- tus, S. officinalis and O. majorana chemical composition respectively. S. officinalis EO was mainly composed of a-thujone (25.7%) and camphor (18.4%), while C. citratus EO major compounds were neral (26.4%) and gera- nial (30.6%). Finally, O. majorana EO was principally constituted of 4-terpineol (38.7%). Then, the repellency potential of these EO was assessed in vitro on Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis spiraecola and Aphis fabae. In vitro bioassays showed that 2 mL of the three EO were insufficiently repellent on all aphid species during the surveyed period. However, at 120 min, 5 mL EO repellencies were variable from repellent to very repel- lent depending on the EO and aphid species. Interestingly, 5 mL of O. majorana EO were very repellent for M. persicae and A. fabae after 120 min. Furthermore, in vivo repellency bioassays of 5 mL O. majorana EO were carried out for M. persicae and A. fabae. After 120 min, results showed a statistically higher repellency on M. persicae (repellent) compared to A. fabae (moderately repellent). The in vivo RT50 and RT90 of 5 mL O. major- ana EO for M. persicae were 54.68 min and 131.26 min respectively, while A. fabae recorded RT50 of 107.93 min and RT90 of 287.24 min. Both in vitro and in vivo bioassays demonstrated that the tested EO repellencies never decreased over the investigated periods. These results suggest that the studied EO can be used as botanical repellents against these aphid species

Etude de la fécondité de l’huître creuse dans le bassin d’Arcachon en 2013 en lien avec la qualité de l’eau. Compte-rendu final du programme FeLiBA

De 2009 à 2011, le captage à Arcachon fut particulièrement mauvais. Des pontes tardives associées à de faibles quantités de larves “petites” indiquaient un problème probablement au niveau de la maturation ou de la ponte. Le programme FéLiBA consiste en un zoom, pour l’année 2013, sur la Fécondité des huîtres creuses en Lien avec la qualité de l’eau du Bassin d’Arcachon. Ce programme s’est traduit par différentes actions de terrain. Tout d’abord, la maturation des huîtres issues du captage d’Arcachon ou de Marennes-Oléron a été suivie à Arcachon (site du Tès) et comparée avec celle de la Rade de Brest (pointe du Château) au cours de l’année 2013. Puis, un bilan de la maturation des huîtres sauvages d’Arcachon a été établi fin juin 2013. La ponte a également été surveillée dans le bassin d’Arcachon à l’aide d’un observatoire participatif impliquant les professionnels. Enfin, des simulations de dispersion larvaire ont été réalisées de manière à évaluer les contributions potentielles des différents bancs au captage, en fonction de leur localisation géographique. Les comparaisons de différents lots de captage montrent que le captage du bassin d’Arcachon réagit de la même manière que celui de Marennes-Oléron, c’est à dire qu’il présente une croissance et une maturation faible à Arcachon mais forte en Rade de Brest. Ce contraste important met en avant les différences de disponibilité, voire de qualité, de la nourriture entre les deux sites mais réfute l’hypothèse d’une incapacité des huîtres originaires d’Arcachon à présenter de bonnes performances de croissance. L’étude spatiale de la maturation des huîtres sauvages en 2013 permet d’établir que les huîtres sauvages ont maturé normalement et ne présentent pas d’infections visibles par des parasites. Les données de 2011, obtenues plus précocement dans l’année, présentent des taux élevés d’huîtres non fécondes mais ne permettent pas de conclure sur la maturation au terme de l’été. Un gradient zones internes - zones océaniques apparaît également sur les réserves, l’infestation par le Polydora et l’indice de condition. Ce gradient suit une ligne sud-est nord-ouest lorsque l’indice de condition est corrigé de l’altitude et du temps de renouvellement local. Un gradient similaire est retrouvé dans la taille maximale des huîtres. La ponte 2013 reste tardive, avec, comme en 2012, une première ponte partielle fin juillet et une ponte totale à la mi-août. Certaines huîtres n’avaient toutefois pas pondu début septembre dans le sud-est du bassin d’Arcachon lors de ces deux années. Les résultats des simulations de la dispersion larvaire pointent l’importance des zones internes du Bassin et particulièrement de la zone du sud-est pour leur contribution au captage. L’année 2013 s’est révélée une bonne année pour le captage à Arcachon. Les expérimentations entreprises cette année permettent donc difficilement de statuer sur l’origine des années de mauvais captage. Il apparaît cependant que les observations de retard de ponte, de mauvaise croissance et de faibles indices de condition convergent vers la zone du sud-est du Bassin. Ces éléments pourrait être expliqués facilement par un contaminant ou, plus difficilement, par une modification de la ressource trophique. Le phénomène semble cependant marquer le pas pour l’année 2013, qui retrouve de fortes concentrations de larves petites et un captage plus important à l’est. Une surveillance minimale de la zone du sud-est du bassin d’Arcachon est suggérée pour avoir des informations au cas où le phénomène de mauvais captage se renouvellerait en 2014

Spatial patterns in the condition index of the wild Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in a macrotidal coastal ecosystem: Influence of tidal processes and beyond

In macrotidal coastal ecosystems, spatial heterogeneity of the water column properties is induced by both oceanic and continental influences. Hydrodynamic processes generate a land-sea gradient of environmental conditions, affecting the biological performances of sedentary organisms. The aim of the present study is to establish an extensive spatial assessment in the reproductive investment of the wild Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in Arcachon Bay. This is done by looking for a relationship between the Lawrence and Scott condition index (LSCI) and two tidal processes: the immersion level (IL) and the local oceanic flushing time (LoFt). The LSCI of C. gigas was assessed, just before gamete release, at 68 sampling stations in Arcachon Bay. Oyster performance was overall low and spatially variable. Significant differences in the LSCI were detected between the outer and inner bay. Oyster reefs located toward the mouth of the bay exhibited high LSCI (between 9 and 11), while oyster reefs located in inner bay, especially in south-eastern part around the Eyre River, had low LSCI (below 6). Linear modelling allowed to highlight significant effects of both tidal processes IL and LoFt on the obtained LSCI gradient. IL, LoFt explained 33% of the spatial variability observed on LSCI (IL = 3%; LoFt = 17%; LoFt + IL: 13%), 6% were attributed to the intra-station variation (ISv). Thus, high IL and rapid LoFt favor a better development of somatic-gonadal volume, probably because of longer feeding time and higher supply of food from the ocean by tide flows. Disentangling the effects of IL and LoFt on LSCI allowed to describe the spatial pattern in 61% of variability not explained by both tidal factors. A residual gradient directed southeast-northwest highlighted that others factors, independent from IL and LoFt seems to hamper inner bay oyster reproductive performance. Consequently, investigating on the ecological functioning (Eyre influences), trophic potential and anthropogenic pressures of this zone seem crucial on the understanding of C. gigas reproductive pattern in Arcachon Bay

Risk factors for stress urinary incontinence recurrence after midurethral sling revision

International audienceObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to report the rate of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) recurrence after sling revision, and to determine predictive factors of SUI recurrence.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study in a single academic center between 2005 and 2022, of patients who underwent sling revision. Four surgical techniques were used for sling revision (loosening, section, partial, and total excision). The primary endpoint was recurrence of SUI at 3 months postoperatively, and the other outcome of interest was the rate of subsequent anti-incontinence surgical procedure.ResultsSixty-nine patients were included for analysis. SUI recurred in 46.4% of patients. Fifteen patients underwent a subsequent anti-incontinence procedure (21.8%). The time to revision was significantly longer in the group with recurrent SUI (median: 84.5 vs. 44.8 months; p = 0.004). The recurrence rate differed significantly depending on the revision technique: 7.7% after sling loosening, 22.2% after sling section, 60% after partial excision, and 66.7% after complete sling removal (p = 0.001). The risk of SUI recurrence was lower for those whose indication of reoperation was voiding dysfunction (27.3% vs. 66.7%; p = 0.002), and was higher for those who underwent a trans-obturator tap rather than a tension-free vaginal tape revision (68.4% vs. 35.7%; p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, only the revision technique remained significantly associated with the risk of recurrence of SUI (complete excision vs. section: odds ratio = 4.66; p = 0.04).ConclusionThe risk of SUI recurrence may differ widely according to the techniques used, and it seems that the less extensive the surgical procedure is, the lower the risk is