Factores neonatales asociados a ictericia patológica en recién nacidos a término en un Hospital de Huancayo, 2021

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre los factores neonatales con la ictericia patológica en recién nacidos a término en el Hospital Regional Docente Materno Infantil El Carmen de la ciudad de Huancayo en el año 2021. Material y método: científico, analítico, inductivo – deductivo, de tipo básico, observacional, retrospectivo, transversal, relacional, con diseño correlacional, la población lo conformaron las historias clínicas de neonatos nacidos el 2021 que llegó a ser de 10200 historias clínicas, la muestra fue de 156 historias, los datos se recolectaron con el análisis de contenido, para evaluar los factores neonatales se usó el “Registro de factores asociados a ictericia patológica en recién nacidos a término”, para evaluar la presencia de ictericia neonatal patológica fue “Registro de identificación del diagnóstico ictericia patológica en recién nacidos a término”, llegándose a comprobar las hipótesis mediante el análisis bivariado Xi2. Resultados: se encontró el 24.36% de ictericia neonatal patológica correspondiendo a 38 neonatos. en el grupo de los neonatos con ictericia patológica. Se encontraron los siguientes factores mixtos: el 60.9% de la edad materna es de 20 a 35 años, el 35.26% son primigestas, el 48.72% tuvieron parto vaginal, se encontró incompatibilidad sanguínea ABO en 19,87%, se halló incompatibilidad RH en 17,31% de neonatos, existió 12,.8 % como promedio de patologías maternas durante la gestación como ITU, DM, anemia, preclamsia. Respecto a los factores neonatales de los menores que presentaron ictericia patológica recibieron lactancia mixta el 13.46%, el 14.74 del total son de sexo masculino, existe BPN en 15.38%, el trauma obstétrico es de 19.23%. Conclusiones: existe asociación significativa entre los factores mixtos como edad de la madre, incompatibilidad sanguínea ABO y RH, patologías presentes en la gestación (p<0.05) y los factores neonatales como tipo de alimentación distinta a la lactancia materna exclusiva, BPN y el trauma obstétrico (p<0.05)

Modelo de gestión de residuos sólidos hospitalarios en el servicio de emergencia del hospital nacional Cayetano Heredia – Lima – 2021

La falta de interés de las autoridades ha llevado a la realización de un estudio diagnóstico de la situación actual en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. El objetivo fue identificar los factores críticos y proponer estrategias para mejorar la gestión de los residuos sólidos hospitalarios en este centro de salud. La metodología incluyó encuestas al personal del área de emergencia para determinar su conocimiento sobre el manejo de residuos y su exposición a riesgos laborales e infectocontagiosos. Los resultados revelaron que la mayoría del personal no está familiarizado con las normas técnicas, protocolos de residuos sólidos hospitalarios y que muchos no han recibido capacitación. Además, se observó que existen manejos inadecuados de residuos en todas las actividades del hospital, lo que aumenta el riesgo de contaminación para los trabajadores y pacientes. En consecuencia, se propone implementar una estrategia de gestión de residuos sólidos hospitalarios en el área de emergencia que permita un manejo controlado de riesgos y reduzca la cantidad de residuos sólidos desde su origen hasta su disposición final. En conclusión, es fundamental que las autoridades peruanas tomen en serio la gestión de residuos peligrosos hospitalarios y se implementen medidas de prevención para proteger a los trabajadores, pacientes y el medio ambiente

Alterations to embryonic development and teratogenic effects induced by a hospital effluent on Cyprinus carpio oocytes

Artículo indizado en revista internacionaland diverse pharmaceuticals are noteworthy that can affect organisms if they are not properly removed from the effluents. The hospital effluent evaluated in the present study came from IMSS (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro So- cial) Clinic 221 in downtown Toluca, State of Mexico, a secondary care facility. The contaminants identified in hospitals have been associated with deleterious effects on aquatic organisms; however, it is necessary to continue with more studies in order to be able to regulate the production of said contaminants which are generally dumped into the city sewage system. The present study had the purpose of evaluating the alterations to embry- onic development and teratogenic effects on oocytes Cyprinus carpio after exposure to different proportions of hospital effluent. For said purpose, the physicochemical properties of the effluent were determined. Concentra- tions of the main microcontaminants were also determined. An embryolethality study out and the determination of the main alterations to embryonic development and teratogenic effects produced, due to exposure of C. carpio at different proportions of the effluent, were carried out. The results showed that the physicochemical properties were within the values permitted by Mexican regulation; however, the presence of contaminants such as NaClO metals, anti-biotics, anti-diabetics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones and beta-blockers, was de- tected. Lethal concentration 50 was 5.65% and the effective concentration for malformations was 3.85%, with a teratogenic index of 1.46. The main teratogenic alterations were yolk deformation, scoliosis, modified chorda structure, tail malformation, fin deformity and mouth hyperplasia. A high rate of hatching delay was observed. The results suggest that the hospital effluent under study is capable of inducing embryotoxicity and teratogenic- ity in oocytes of C. carpio.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologí

Environmentally relevant concentrations of glibenclamide induce oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Artículo cientifico en modalidad embargadoThe hypoglycemic pharmaceutical glibenclamide (GLB) is widely used around the world. This medication is released into the environment by municipal, hospital and industrial wastewater discharges. Although there are reports of its environmental occurrence in the scientific literature, toxicity studies on aquatic species of commercial interest such as the common carp Cyprinus carpio are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress induced on C. carpio by environmentally relevant concentrations of GLB. Biomarkers of oxidative damage such as hydroperoxide content, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content were evaluated as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. The concentration of GLB was determined in water as well as in gill, liver, muscle, brain and blood of carp at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The findings obtained in the study prove that GLB induces in- creases in biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activity in the teleost C. carpio, that his response is not concentration dependent and that the organs evaluated bioconcentrate this hypo- glycemic agent. These findings permit us to conclude that the presence of GLB in water bodies represents a risk for aquatic species

Toxicological hazard induced by sucralose to environmentally relevant concentrations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Sucralose (SUC) is an artificial sweetener that is now widely used in North American and Europe; it has been de- tected in a wide variety of aquatic environments. It is considered safe for human consumption but its effects in the ecosystem have not yet been studied in depth, since limited ecotoxicological data are available in the peer- reviewed literature. This study aimed to evaluate potential SUC-induced toxicological hazard in the blood, brain, gill, liver and muscle of Cyprinus carpio using oxidative stress biomarkers. Carps were exposed to two dif- ferent environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05 and 155 μg L− 1) for different exposure times (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). The following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), hydroperoxide content (HPC) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). SUC was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry tech- niques (HPLC)–MS/MS. Results show a statically significant increase in LPX, HPC, PCC (P b 0.05) especially in gill, brain and muscle, as well as significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in gill and muscle. Fur- thermore, the biomarkers employed in this study are useful in the assessment of the environmental impact of this agent on aquatic species

Comparative study of diclofenac-induced embryotoxicity and teratogenesis in Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX)

Artículo científico que evalúa los efectos teratogénicos y embritóxicos de diclofenacos en dos especies de anfibiosWater is an increasingly deteriorated, limited natural resource due to population increase and industrialization. Also, the widespread use of pharmaceuticals in modern society leads to their presence in domestic, hospital and industrial effluents. Due to their analgesic properties, some of the most commonly used pharmaceuticals are non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). High concentrations of one these products, diclofenac (DCF), have been detected in effluents and water bodies of different countries, including Mexico. Diverse studies show that trace amounts (ng L−1 to μg L−1) of this compound induce toxicity on aquatic organisms such as algae, microcrustaceans and fish. However, studies on its potential toxicity during development in species of commer- cial interest such as the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate DCF-induced teratogenesis and embryotoxicity in Xenopus laevis and L. catesbeianus, a species marketed as a nutritional meat source in Mexico, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX). Oocytes in mid-blastula transition were exposed for 96 h to 1, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 62.5 mg DCF L−1. The criteria evaluated were mortality, malformation and growth inhibition. The teratogenic index was 4.2 in L. catesbeianus, three fold higher than the reference limit (1.5), and 3.9 in X. laevis. Diclofenac induced diverse malformations in both species, the most frequent of these being axial malformations in the tail and notochord, edema and stunted growth. Results indicate that DCF is a potentially teratogenic compound and is toxic during development in X. laevis and L. catesbeianus, a species which, due to its sensitivity, can be used to evaluate the toxicity of pharma- ceutical products, using FETAX.CONACyT-Mexico, project 25110

Cyto-genotoxicity and oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to a mixture of ibuprofen and diclofenac

Thirty million people worldwide consume each day nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a heterogeneous group of pharmaceuticals used for its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti- inflammatory properties. Recent studies report high NSAID concentrations in wastewater treat- ment plant effluents, in surface, ground, and drinking water, and in sediments. NSAIDs are also known to induce toxicity on aquatic organisms. However, toxicity in natural ecosystems is not usu- ally the result of exposure to a single substance but to a mixture of toxic agents, yet only a few studies have evaluated the toxicity of mixtures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity induced by diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBP), and their mixture on a species of commercial inter- est, the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The median lethal concentration of IBP and DCF was determined, and oxidative stress was evaluated using the following biomarkers: lipid peroxidation and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxi- dase. Cyto-genotoxicity was evaluated by micronucleus test, comet assay, and the specific activity of caspase-3. Results show that DCF, IBP, and a mixture of these pharmaceuticals induced free radical production, oxidative stress and cyto-genotoxicity in tissues of C. carpio. However, a greater effect was elicited by the mixture than by either pharmaceutical alone in some biomarkers evaluated, particularly in gill.Secretaria de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados de la UAEM (Project 3722/ 2014CID)

Geno-and cytotoxicity induced on Cyprinus carpio by aluminum, iron, mercury and mixture thereof.

Metals such as Al, Fe and Hg are used in diverse anthropogenic activities. Their presence in water bodies is due mainly to domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewater discharges and constitutes a hazard for the organisms inhabiting these environments. The present study aimed to evaluate geno- and cyto- toxicity induced by Al, Fe, Hg and the mixture of these metals on blood of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Specimens were exposed to the permissible limits in water for human use and consumption according to the pertinent official Mexican norm [official Mexican norm NOM-127-SSA1-1994] Al (0.2 mg L 1), Fe (0.3 mg L 1), Hg (0.001 mg L 1) and their mixture for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Bio- markers of genotoxicity (comet assay and micronucleus test) and cytotoxicity (caspase-3 activity and TUNEL assay) were evaluated. Significant increases relative to the control group (po0.05) were observed in all biomarkers at all exposure times in all test systems; however, damage was greater when the metals were present as a mixture. Furthermore, correlations between metal concentrations and biomarkers of geno- and cytotoxicity were found only at certain exposure times. In conclusion, Al, Fe, Hg and the mixture of these metals induce geno- and cytotoxicity on blood of C. carpio.CONACyT-Mexico, Project 18154

Estrés oxidativo producido por antiinflamatorios no esteroideos sobre el bioindicador Hyalella azteca

capitulo de libroCon base en los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio de toxicidad aguda y a la clasificación europea, que considera peligroso ambiental- mente a aquellos fármacos cuya concentración letal media sea menor a 100 mg/L, los AINE; diclofenaco, paracetamol, ibuprofeno, naproxeno y ácido acetilsalicílico, pueden ser considerados dañinos para los ecosiste- mas acuáticos. Los AINE (diclofenaco, paracetamol, ibuprofeno, naproxeno y ácido aceti- lsalicílico) son capaces de producir estrés oxidativo sobre Hyalella azteca, reflejándose en los incrementos de lipoperoxidación y del contenido de proteínas carboniladas, y en los cambios producidos en la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes SOD, CAT y GPx.conacy