WHO global research priorities for antimicrobial resistance in human health

The WHO research agenda for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human health has identified 40 research priorities to be addressed by the year 2030. These priorities focus on bacterial and fungal pathogens of crucial importance in addressing AMR, including drug-resistant pathogens causing tuberculosis. These research priorities encompass the entire people-centred journey, covering prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of antimicrobial-resistant infections, in addition to addressing the overarching knowledge gaps in AMR epidemiology, burden and drivers, policies and regulations, and awareness and education. The research priorities were identified through a multistage process, starting with a comprehensive scoping review of knowledge gaps, with expert inputs gathered through a survey and open call. The priority setting involved a rigorous modified Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative approach, ensuring global representation and applicability of the findings. The ultimate goal of this research agenda is to encourage research and investment in the generation of evidence to better understand AMR dynamics and facilitate policy translation for reducing the burden and consequences of AMR

BIOCHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION AMONG S. aureus, S. Intermedius AND S. hyicus ISOLATED FROM BOVINES WITH SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS

Staphylococcus aureus é, entre as espécies de estafilococos, a mais relacionada a infecções em animais e humanos, bem como a doenças de origem alimentar. Entretanto, S. intermedius e S. hyicus, duas espécies com características morfológicas muito similares a S. aureus, também podem causar doenças, bem como produzir enterotoxinas em alimentos, tornando importante a diferenciação entre essas três espécies de estafilococos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de oito técnicas bioquímicas com relação à sua capacidade para distinguir entre S. aureus, S. intermedius e S. hyicus. Para isso, 65 cepas, previamente identificadas em nível de espécie através de técnicas moleculares, foram submetidas aos testes de produção de pigmentos carotenóides, atividade hemolítica em ágar sangue, produção de b- galactosidase, produção de acetoína, atividade lipolítica em polisorbato, fermentação aeróbica da maltose, fermentação anaeróbica do manitol e crescimento em ágar Baird-Paker e ágar P suplementados com acriflavina. Verificou-se que os testes de sensibilidade a acriflavina e de produção de b- galactosidase apresentaram bom poder discriminatório, demonstrando serem os melhores testes bioquímicos para a diferenciação entre essas três espécies de estafilococos. Abstract Among staphylococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus is the one mostly related to animal and human infections, as well as food diseases. However, S. intermedius and S. hyicus, two species with very similar morphological characteristics to S. aureus, can also cause diseases as well as produce enterotoxins in food, what makes important the differentiation of these three species. The aim of this work was to study the efficiency of eight biochemical techniques regarding their capacity to distinguish among S. aureus, S. intermedius and S. hyicus. For that purpose, sixty five strains, previously identified at species level through molecular techniques, were submitted to the tests of carotenoid pigments production, hemolytic activity in blood agar, b- galactosidase production, acetoin production, lipolytic activity in polysorbate, maltose aerobic fermentation, manitol anaerobic fermentation and growth in Baird-Parker and P agar supplemented with acriflavine. It was verified that tests of sensitivity to acriflavine and b-galactosidase production display good distinguishing properties, constituting as a whole, the best biochemical tests for the identification of these three staphylococcus species

Practical approach for the study of metabolic regulation

First year students in Physical Education must understand metabolic regulation to comprehend thewhole integration of biochemical pathways in attempt to establish the relation with exercise. Thiswhole view is not easy to learn and the task becomes even harder with the lack of time at theend of course, when normally the students think about metabolic integration. Trying to get thestudents attention to this important issue, we developed practical works beginning in the middle ofthe course, in parallel with theory classes. Blood and urine were collected for metabolite analysis ineach practice. The students were divided in groups (10 students) and they created the protocols in formthat they only have been guided and directed by the teacher and monitors. The practical activitiesand biochemical analysis were: six 30m sprints with dierent recovery times (blood lactate and meanvelocities), lactate removal from muscle to blood after high intensity exercise (blood lactate), anaerobicthreshold (blood lactate and heart rate), the eect of glycogen depletion after high and moderateintensity exercises (plasma glucose and urea concentrations) and low carbohydrate diet vs. normaldiet (plasma glucose and urine ketone bodies). After data collection, discussion and interpretation, thestudents presented orally each work in the same order above. Each presentation had the focus on themetabolic pathways involved in each practice. Group 1: phosphocreatine utilization and resynthesis.Group 2: anaerobic glycolysis, lactate production and removal. Group 3: transition between anaerobicglycolysis and oxidative metabolism. In attempt to promote the integration between muscle and liver-Group 4: protein catabolism after high intensity exercise with low muscular glycogen concentration(transamination, Cori Cycle and gluconeogenesis). Group 5: liver ketogenesis in low carbohydratediet. This sequence was intended to promote the comprehension of integrated metabolism. As a nalactivity, the students showed their results in the form of poster. All activities were part of disciplineevaluation. All students approved this practical approach

Influência do período de alimentação no consumo e ganho de peso do pirarucu Influence of feeding period on consumption and weight gain of pirarucu

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o período preferencial de consumo alimentar do pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, e a influência de diferentes turnos de alimentação no consumo e ganho de peso dessa espécie. Foram testados três tratamentos: alimentação diurna (peixes alimentados às 9h e 15h), alimentação noturna (peixes alimentados às 21h e 3h) e alimentação contínua (peixes alimentados às 9h, 15h, 21h e 3h). Cada tratamento foi avaliado em triplicata, com cada unidade experimental formada por oito peixes, com peso médio de 313 g, estocados em tanques-redes de 1 m³ (1x1x1 m). Os nove tanques-redes foram alocados em um viveiro escavado de 120 m². O experimento durou 60 dias. A alimentação contínua promoveu maiores ganhos de peso e biomassa, taxa de crescimento específico e consumo total. Os tratamentos alimentação diurna e alimentação noturna apresentaram ganho de peso semelhante, porém, a alimentação diurna apresentou a melhor conversão alimentar. O período preferencial de alimentação do pirarucu foi o noturno, principalmente no começo da noite. Os dados deste estudo indicam que o horário de preferência alimentar não é o melhor horário de alimentação do pirarucu, em uma criação comercial. O período de alimentação mais indicado para a espécie, baseado na capacidade de conversão alimentar, é o diurno.<br>The objective of this study was to verify pirarucu Arapaima gigas preferential time of feeding, and the influence of different feeding periods on consumption and weight gain of this species. Three treatments were tested: diurnal feeding (fish fed at 9h and 15h), nocturnal feeding (fish fed at 21h and 3h), and continuous feeding (fish fed at 9h, 15h, 21h and 3h). Each treatment was evaluated in triplicate, and each trial unit had eight fishes with 313 g average weight, stoked into a 1 m³ (1x1x1 m) net cage. The nine net cages were located on a 120 m² earth pond. The trial lasted for 60 days. Continuous feeding promoted the highest weight and biomass gain, specific growth rate and feed consumption. Nocturnal and diurnal feeding treatments showed similar weight gain; however, diurnal feeding had the best feed conversion ratio. The preferred feeding time for pirarucu was the nocturnal period, mainly at the beginning of night. Data from this study indicated that the preferred feeding time is not the best one for feeding pirarucu on a commercial husbandry. The most indicated feeding period for this species, based on its feed conversion capacity, is diurnal period