Immunoglobulin Treatment in Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis

Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are systemic autoimmune diseases of unknown aetiology in which the skeletal muscles are the main targets. Despite the improvement obtained in the last years with new therapeutic options, their prognosis remains poor, with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Due to the rarity of the disease, few well-designed studies have been published and, to the best of our knowledge, only five randomised controlled trials. The low incidence of the disease, the characteristic relapsing/remitting or chronic and persistently active course, the lack of agreed standardised criteria for diagnosis and for assessment of disease activity makes difficult to carry and to compare studies. Among the treatment options, the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is still matter of debate. In this chapter we describe the use of IVIg in PM and DM, revising the literature and reporting our experience. We analyse our series of 74 subjects with PM or DM diagnosed according to the Bohan and Peter criteria. Usually, IVIg is given in case of refractory or relapsed disease, steroid resistance or dependency. In a previous revision of our data related to 63 patients, we documented that subjects treated with IVIg achieve a clinical and functional remission in a high percentage of cases, that is maintained at long follow-up period (a mean of five years), as compared to control group. The revision of the literature and our data confirm that IVIg is effective alone or as add on therapy in the treatment of inflammatory myopathies, even in refractory or relapsed disease. Most of the patients with PM or DM receive an immunosuppressant such as cyclosporine A (CSA) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). We want to verify if the use of IVIg as add-on treatment with CSA or MMF could improve the outcome or could reduce the rate of side effects that are usually linked to the immunosuppressant. We thus revise the literature and our data related to the use of CSA and MMF in PM or DM. The subcutaneous administration (SCIg) could be considered as an alternative to IVIg. In primary immunodeficiency, SCIg has been demonstrated to be linked to a lower incidence of adverse reactions, with reliable efficacy and improvement of the quality of life of treated subjects. We have been the first to publish about a series of seven patients with autoimmune myopathies treated with SCIg. We could document the feasibility and the good tolerance of SCIg, with relevant improvement of the clinical and laboratory features. We here present data related to a larger series. Finally, we review the data related to the mechanisms of action of immunoglobulin administration in autoimmune mediated diseases, in particular underlying the different proposed mechanism of IVIg and SCIg

Ha-Ras stabilization mediates pro-fibrotic signals in dermal fibroblasts

ABSTRACT:Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis; SSc) is a clinically heterogeneous and often lethal acquired disorder of the connective tissue that is characterized by vascular, immune/inflammatory and fibrotic manifestations. Tissue fibrosis is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in SSc and an unmet medical challenge, mostly because of our limited understanding of the molecular factors and signalling events that trigger and sustain disease progression. Recent evidence has correlated skin fibrosis in SSc with stabilization of proto-oncogene Ha-Ras secondary to auto-antibody stimulation of reactive oxygen species production. The goal of the present study was to explore the molecular connection between Ha-Ras stabilization and collagen I production, the main read-out of fibrogenesis, in a primary dermal fibroblast culture system that replicates the early stages of disease progression in SSc.Forced expression of proto-oncogene Ha-Ras in dermal fibroblasts demonstrated the promotion of an immediate collagen I up-regulation, as evidenced by enhanced activity of a collagen I-driven luciferase reporter plasmid and increased accumulation of endogenous collagen I proteins. Moreover, normal levels of Tgfβ transcripts and active transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) implied Ha-Ras stimulation of the canonical Smad2/3 signalling pathway independently of TGFβ production or activation. Heightened Smad2/3 signalling was furthermore correlated with greater Smad3 phosphorylation and Smad3 protein accumulation, suggesting that Ha-Ras may target both Smad2/3 activation and turnover. Additional in vitro evidence excluded a contribution of ERK1/2 signalling to improper Smad3 activity and collagen I production in cells that constitutively express Ha-Ras.Our study shows for the first time that constitutively elevated Ha-Ras protein levels can directly stimulate Smad2/3 signalling and collagen I accumulation independently of TGFβ neo-synthesis and activation. This finding therefore implicates the Ha-Ras pathway with the early onset of fibrosis in SSc and implicitly identifies new therapeutic targets in SSc

Dysbiosis and zonulin upregulation alter gut epithelial and vascular barriers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Background: Dysbiosis has been recently demonstrated in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) but its implications in the modulation of intestinal immune responses have never been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ileal bacteria in modulating local and systemic immune responses in AS. Methods: Ileal biopsies were obtained from 50 HLA-B27+ patients with AS and 20 normal subjects. Silver stain was used to visualise bacteria. Ileal expression of tight and adherens junction proteins was investigated by TaqMan real-time (RT)-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LPS-BP), intestinal fatty acid-BP (iFABP) and zonulin were assayed by ELISA. Monocyte immunological functions were studied in in vitro experiments. In addition the effects of antibiotics on tight junctions in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 transgenic (TG) rats were assessed. Results: Adherent and invasive bacteria were observed in the gut of patients with AS with the bacterial scores significantly correlated with gut inflammation. Impairment of the gut vascular barrier (GVB) was also present in AS, accompanied by significant upregulation of zonulin, and associated with high serum levels of LPS, LPS-BP, iFABP and zonulin. In in vitro studies zonulin altered endothelial tight junctions while its epithelial release was modulated by isolated AS ileal bacteria. AS circulating monocytes displayed an anergic phenotype partially restored by ex vivo stimulation with LPS+sCD14 and their stimulation with recombinant zonulin induced a clear M2 phenotype. Antibiotics restored tight junction function in HLA-B27 TG rats. Conclusions: Bacterial ileitis, increased zonulin expression and damaged intestinal mucosal barrier and GVB, characterises the gut of patients with AS and are associated with increased blood levels of zonulin, and bacterial products. Bacterial products and zonulin influence monocyte behaviour

c-myb Proto-Oncogene Is Expressed by Quiescent Scleroderma Fibroblasts and, Unlike B-myb Gene, Does Not Correlate With Proliferation

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix constituents. Although it has been proposed that tissue fibrosis is due to increased fibroblast synthesis of various collagen polypeptides, there is some experimental evidence that patients with systemic sclerosis have a defect in the control of fibroblast growth. The myb family of genes includes, among others, the c-myb proto-oncogene and the structurally related gene, B-myb, which are both implicated in the regulation of differentiation and/or proliferation of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. To elucidate the molecular basis responsible for scleroderma fibroblast proliferation, we therefore elected to investigate the expression of c-myb and B-myb genes in scleroderma and control cells. Using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique, we detected c-myb transcripts in scleroderma skin fibroblasts rendered quiescent by serum deprivation. Under the game experimental conditions, c-myb message was not found in normal skin fibroblasts, but, after serum stimulation, c-myb RNA was clearly evident from 3 to 72h in both normal and pathologic cells. Treatment of these cells with c-myb antisense oligonucleotides caused downregulation of c-myb expression, and the inhibition of scleroderma fibroblast proliferation was 42%, whereas in normal fibroblasts the inhibition was weaker (22%). In contrast to c-myb, in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts the level of expression of B-myb correlated with cell proliferation assessed by cell count, and densitometric analysis showed that B-myb message was 1.5–5 times higher in most of pathologic cells studied. The antisense B-myb oligonucleotides had a weaker antiproliferative effect compared with antisense c-myb, inhibiting scleroderma and normal fibroblasts by 23% and 13%, respectively. These data suggest that the B-myb and c-myb genes may play a role in scleroderma fibroblast proliferation and function

Monocytes of Patients with Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) Spontaneously Release In Vitro Increased Amounts of Superoxide Anion

It has been suggested that toxic oxygen free radicals can be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) (SSc). Because the cells that contribute to the generation of free radicals are not known, our aim was (i) to evaluate the ability of unmanipulated and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated monocytes and polymorphonucleate neutrophils of SSc patients to generate superoxide anion (O2·–); and (ii) to investigate whether the O2·– produced by these cells involved the activation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide diphosphate oxidase biochemical pathway. Employing the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c to evaluate the generation of O2·–, unmanipulated monocytes of SSc patients generated more O2·– than primary Raynaud’s phenomenon patients and normal control monocytes (p= 0.0001), and the release was higher in patients with diffuse cutaneous involvement and 5 y or less disease duration (p = 0.02). The involvement of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide diphosphate oxidase in the enhanced O2·– production was demonstrated by the finding that the cytosolic components of the enzyme, p47phox and p67phox, were both translocated to the plasma membrane of enriched but otherwise unmanipulated monocytes of SSc patients. The involvement of mitochondrial oxidases was excluded by the lack of inhibition of O2·– production when monocytes were incubated in the presence of rotenone, a mitochondrial oxidase inhibitor. Upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, monocytes of SSc patients produced more O2·– than controls. In SSc patients untreated polymorphonucleate neutrophils generated significantly less O2·– than monocytes (p = 0.0001) and only slightly more than polymorphonucleate neutrophils of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon patients and normal controls (p = 0.03). In conclusion, we demonstrate that in patients with scleroderma, unmanipulated and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated monocytes release in vitro increased amounts of superoxide anion through the activation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide diphosphate oxidase and, thus, contribute to the oxidative stress found in this disease

Isolated Aortitis Presenting with an Annoying Persistent Cough: A Case Report

Objectives: To report a case of idiopathic aortitis presenting with chronic cough. Materials and Methods: the Authors describe the case of a 72-year-old man with dry cough, worsening fatigue, weight loss and elevated systemic inflammatory markers. Results: A PET-CT scan showed diffuse thickening of the thoracic aorta and confirmed the diagnosis of aortitis. Systemic corticosteroid therapy was initiated and complete remission was achieved in six months. Conclusion: Persistent dry cough of unknown origin, especially when associated with systemic inflammation, demands a thorough differential diagnosis and should not be underrated

Low-dose Oral Imatinib in the treatment of systemic sclerosis interstitial lung disease unresponsive to cyclophosphamide. A phase II pilot study

none16noFraticelli P, Gabrielli B; Pomponio, G; Valentini, G; Bosello, S; Riboldi, P; Gerosa, M; Faggioli, P; Giacomelli, R; Del Papa, N; Gerli, R; Lunardi, C; Bombardieri, S; Malorni, W; Corvetta, A; Moroncini, G; Gabrielli, A.Fraticelli P, Gabrielli B; Pomponio, G; Valentini, G; Bosello, S; Riboldi, P; Gerosa, M; Faggioli, P; Giacomelli, R; Del Papa, N; Gerli, R; Lunardi, C; Bombardieri, S; Malorni, W; Corvetta, A; Moroncini, Gianluca; Gabrielli, Armand

Microcirculatory effects of the transfusion of leukodepleted or non-leukodepleted red blood cells in patients with sepsis: a pilot study

Introduction: Microvascular alterations impair tissue oxygenation during sepsis. A red blood cell (RBC) transfusion increases oxygen (O2)-delivery but rarely improves tissue O2 uptake in septic patients. Possible causes include RBC alterations due to prolonged storage or residual leukocyte-derived inflammatory mediators. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two types of transfused-RBCs on microcirculation in septic patients. Methods: In a prospective randomized trial, 20 septic patients were divided into two separate groups and received either non-leukodepleted (n = 10) or leukodepleted (n = 10) RBC transfusions. Microvascular density and perfusion were assessed with sidestream dark-field (SDF) imaging sublingually, before and 1 hour after transfusions. Thenar tissue O2-saturation (StO2) and tissue haemoglobin index (THI) were determined with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and a vascular occlusion test was performed. The microcirculatory perfused boundary region was assessed in SDF images as an index of glycocalyx damage and glycocalyx compounds (syndecan-1, hyaluronan, heparan sulfate) were measured in the serum. Results: No differences were observed in microvascular parameters at baseline and after transfusion between the groups, except for the proportion of perfused vessels (PPV) and blood flow velocity, which were higher after transfusion in the leukodepleted group. Microvascular flow index in small vessels (MFI) and blood flow velocity exhibited different responses to transfusion between the two groups (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively), with a positive effect of leukodepleted RBCs. When looking at within-group changes, microcirculatory improvement was only observed in patients that received leukodepleted RBC transfusion as suggested by the increase in De Backer score (P = 0.02), perfused vessel density (P = 0.04), PPV (P = 0.01) and MFI (P = 0.04). Blood flow velocity decreased in the non-leukodepleted group (P = 0.03). THI and StO2-upslope increased in both groups. StO2 and StO2-downslope increased in patients who received non-leukodepleted RBC transfusions. Syndecan-1 increased after the transfusion of non-leukodepleted RBCs (P = 0.03). Conclusions: This study does not show a clear superiority of leukodepleted over non-leukodepleted RBC transfusions on microvascular perfusion in septic patients, although it suggests a more favourable effect of leukodepleted RBCs on microcirculatory convective flow. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. © 2014 Donati et al.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Targeted DNA oxidation by LSD1–SMAD2/3 primes TGF-β1/ EMT genes for activation or repression

Abstract The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex transcriptional program induced by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) has been recognized as a key mediator of EMT in cancer cells, but the precise mechanism that underlies the activation and repression of EMT genes still remains elusive. Here, we characterized the early events induced by TGF-β1 during EMT initiation and establishment. TGF-β1 triggered, 30–90 min post-treatment, a nuclear oxidative wave throughout the genome, documented by confocal microscopy and mass spectrometry, mediated by LSD1. LSD1 was recruited with phosphorylated SMAD2/3 to the promoters of prototypic genes activated and repressed by TGF-β1. After 90 min, phospho-SMAD2/3 downregulation reduced the complex and LSD1 was then recruited with the newly synthesized SNAI1 and repressors, NCoR1 and HDAC3, to the promoters of TGF-β1-repressed genes such as the Wnt soluble inhibitor factor 1 gene (WIF1), a change that induced a late oxidative burst. However, TGF-β1 early (90 min) repression of transcription also required synchronous signaling by reactive oxygen species and the stress-activated kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase. These data elucidate the early events elicited by TGF-β1 and the priming role of DNA oxidation that marks TGF-β1-induced and -repressed genes involved in the EMT

Characterization of binding and quantification of human autoantibodies to PDGFRα using a biosensor-based approach

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the connective tissue. The variety and clinical relevance of autoantibodies in SSc patients have been extensively studied, eventually identifying agonistic autoantibodies targeting the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα), and representing potential biomarkers for SSc. We used a resonant mirror biosensor to characterize the binding between surface-blocked PDGFRα and PDGFRα-specific recombinant human monoclonal autoantibodies (mAbs) produced by SSc B cells, and detect/quantify serum autoimmune IgG with binding characteristics similar to the mAbs. Kinetic data showed a conformation-specific, high-affinity interaction between PDGFRα and mAbs, with equilibrium dissociation constants in the low-to-high nanomolar range. When applied to total serum IgG, the assay discriminated between SSc patients and healthy controls, and allowed the rapid quantification of autoimmune IgG in the sera of SSc patients, with anti-PDGFRα IgG falling in the range 3.20–4.67 neq/L of SSc autoantibodies. The test was validated by comparison to direct and competitive anti-PDGFRα antibody ELISA. This biosensor assay showed higher sensibility with respect to ELISA, and other major advantages such as the specificity, rapidity, and reusability of the capturing surface, thus representing a feasible approach for the detection and quantification of high affinity, likely agonistic, SSc-specific anti-PDGFRα autoantibodies