Network information and connected correlations

Entropy and information provide natural measures of correlation among elements in a network. We construct here the information theoretic analog of connected correlation functions: irreducible $N$--point correlation is measured by a decrease in entropy for the joint distribution of $N$ variables relative to the maximum entropy allowed by all the observed $N-1$ variable distributions. We calculate the ``connected information'' terms for several examples, and show that it also enables the decomposition of the information that is carried by a population of elements about an outside source.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Search for the Supersymmetric Partner of the Top-Quark in ppˉp \bar{p} Collisions at s=1.8TeV\sqrt{s} = 1.8 {\rm TeV}

We report on a search for the supersymmetric partner of the top quark (stop) produced in $t \bar{t}$ events using $110 {\rm pb}^{-1}$ of $p \bar{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 1.8 {\rm TeV}$ recorded with the Collider Detector at Fermilab. In the case of a light stop squark, the decay of the top quark into stop plus the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) could have a significant branching ratio. The observed events are consistent with Standard Model $t \bar{t}$ production and decay. Hence, we set limits on the branching ratio of the top quark decaying into stop plus LSP, excluding branching ratios above 45% for a LSP mass up to 40 {\rm GeV/c}$^{2}$.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

Measurement of the Associated γ+μ±\gamma + \mu^\pm Production Cross Section in ppˉp \bar p Collisions at s=1.8\sqrt{s} = 1.8 TeV

We present the first measurement of associated direct photon + muon production in hadronic collisions, from a sample of 1.8 TeV $p \bar p$ collisions recorded with the Collider Detector at Fermilab. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts that these events are primarily from the Compton scattering process $cg \to c\gamma$, with the final state charm quark producing a muon. Hence this measurement is sensitive to the charm quark content of the proton. The measured cross section of $29\pm 9 pb^{-1}$ is compared to a leading-order QCD parton shower model as well as a next-to-leading-order QCD calculation.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures Added more detailed description of muon background estimat

Measurement of the B0 anti-B0 oscillation frequency using l- D*+ pairs and lepton flavor tags

The oscillation frequency Delta-md of B0 anti-B0 mixing is measured using the partially reconstructed semileptonic decay anti-B0 -> l- nubar D*+ X. The data sample was collected with the CDF detector at the Fermilab Tevatron collider during 1992 - 1995 by triggering on the existence of two lepton candidates in an event, and corresponds to about 110 pb-1 of pbar p collisions at sqrt(s) = 1.8 TeV. We estimate the proper decay time of the anti-B0 meson from the measured decay length and reconstructed momentum of the l- D*+ system. The charge of the lepton in the final state identifies the flavor of the anti-B0 meson at its decay. The second lepton in the event is used to infer the flavor of the anti-B0 meson at production. We measure the oscillation frequency to be Delta-md = 0.516 +/- 0.099 +0.029 -0.035 ps-1, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.Comment: 30 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to Physical Review

Weak pairwise correlations imply strongly correlated network states in a neural population

Biological networks have so many possible states that exhaustive sampling is impossible. Successful analysis thus depends on simplifying hypotheses, but experiments on many systems hint that complicated, higher order interactions among large groups of elements play an important role. In the vertebrate retina, we show that weak correlations between pairs of neurons coexist with strongly collective behavior in the responses of ten or more neurons. Surprisingly, we find that this collective behavior is described quantitatively by models that capture the observed pairwise correlations but assume no higher order interactions. These maximum entropy models are equivalent to Ising models, and predict that larger networks are completely dominated by correlation effects. This suggests that the neural code has associative or error-correcting properties, and we provide preliminary evidence for such behavior. As a first test for the generality of these ideas, we show that similar results are obtained from networks of cultured cortical neurons.Comment: Full account of work presented at the conference on Computational and Systems Neuroscience (COSYNE), 17-20 March 2005, in Salt Lake City, Utah (http://cosyne.org

Challenging the growing rabbit with a moderately pathogenic E. coli under ad libitum or limited feed intake conditions: impact on digestive physiology, bacterial communities, and on post-weaning growth

[EN] The impact of a challenge with moderately pathogenic Escherichia coli O128:C6 on the digestive physiology and gut bacterial community of growing rabbits under two feeding programmes was analysed. Upon weaning (28 d old), 180 rabbits were allocated to four groups (9 cages of 5 rabbits per group) for two weeks: group C100 was non-inoculated and fed ad libitum; C70 was non-inoculated and feed intake was limited to 70% of C100; I100 and I70 were inoculated and fed ad libitum or restricted to 70%, respectively. At the age of 31 d (D0), rabbits were orally inoculated with E. coli (2.2×108 colony forming units/rabbit). The effects of inoculation spiked on D4, with a 28% lower growth rate for I100 than for C100. Limited feed intake reinforced the inoculation’s effects on growth: I70 had a 66% lower growth rate than C70. The morbidity rate peaked at 42% between D4 and D7 for inoculated groups, without significant effect of the feed intake level. E. coli concentration peaked on D5/D6 in the caecum of the I100 and I70 groups. Inoculation reduced by 30% (P<0.05) the villus height/crypt depth and villus/crypt area ratios in the ileum, with no significant effect of the intake level. Inoculation was associated with a tenfold increase in serum haptoglobin (P<0.001) for both ad libitum and restricted rabbits. On D5, the inoculation modified the structure of the ileal bacterial community (P<0.05), but not that of the caecum. The feed intake level did not affect either the structure or diversity of the bacterial community, both in the ileum and caecum.The authors would like to thank Alain Milon and Stéphane Bertagnoli (ENV Toulouse) who provided the E. coli O128:C6 strain we used. We are also grateful to ANSES staff in the “Service d’Elevage et d’Expérimentation en Pathologie Aviaire” (M. Amelot, L. Le Moal, T. Le Coq, D. Courtois and M. Morvan) and for the technical help of F. Lalande (HQPAP, ANSES) and L. Gordon.Martignon, M.; Burel, C.; Licois, D.; Reperant, E.; Postollec, G.; Valat, C.; Gidenne, TN. (2021). Challenging the growing rabbit with a moderately pathogenic E. coli under ad libitum or limited feed intake conditions: impact on digestive physiology, bacterial communities, and on post-weaning growth. World Rabbit Science. 29(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2021.14089OJS110291Agnoletti F. 2012. Update on rabbit enteric diseases: despite improved diagnostic capacity, where does disease control and prevention stand? In: Proc. 10th World Rabbit Congress, World Rabbit Science Association (WRSA) publ., Sharm El Sheik, Egypt, 1113-1127.Allison S.D., Martiny J.B.H. 2008. Resistance, resilience, and redundancy in microbial communities. Proc. Nat. Academy Sci., 105: 11512-11519. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801925105Antonopoulos D.A., Huse S.M., Morrison H.G., Schmidt T.M., Sogin M.L., Young V.B. 2009. Reproducible community dynamics of the gastrointestinal microbiota following antibiotic perturbation. Infect. Immunity 77: 2367-2375. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01520-08Bennegadi N., Gidenne T., Licois D. 2001. Impact of fibre deficiency and sanitary status on non-specific enteropathy of the growing rabbit. Anim. Res., 50: 401-413. https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:2001135Boisot P., Licois D., Gidenne T. 2003. Une restriction alimentaire réduit l'impact sanitaire d'une reproduction expérimentale de l'entéropathie épizootique (EEL) chez le lapin en croissance. In: Proc. "10èmes Journées de la Recherche Cunicole", Paris, France, 267-370.Camguilhem R., Milon A., 1989. Biotypes and O serogroups of Escherichia coli involved in intestinal infections of weaned rabbits: clues to diagnosis of pathogenic strains. J. Clin. Microb., 27: 743-747. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.27.4.743-747.1989Cantey J.R., Inman L.R. 1981. Diarrhea due to Escherichia coli strain RDEC-1 in the rabbit. The Peyer's patch as the initial site of attachement and colonization. J. Infect. Diseases, 143: 440-446. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/143.3.440Combes S., Nice F., Licois D., Fortun-Lamothe L., Gidenne T. 2009. Response of digestive bacterial community of rabbits after experimental infection of epizootic enteropathy syndrome (ERE). In: Proc. 13èmes Journées de la Recherche Cunicole (Bolet G., Ed.), ITAVI publ., Paris., France, 227-230.Combes S., Massip K., Martin O., Furbeyre H., Cauquil L., Pascal G., Bouchez O., Le Floc'h N., Zemb O., Oswald I.P., Gidenne T., 2017. Impact of feed restriction and housing hygiene conditions on specific and inflammatory immune response, the cecal bacterial community and the survival of young rabbits. Animal, 11: 854-863. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116002007Coussement W., Ducatelle R., Charlier G., Okerman L., Hoorens J. 1984. Pathology of experimental colibacillosis in rabbits. J. Vet. Med., 31: 64-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1984.tb01282.xEuropean Union 2003. Protection of Animals used for Experimental Purposes. Directive 86/609/EEC of 24th novembre 1986, amended 16th septembre 2003. In: Official Journal of European Union.Fortun-Lamothe L., Boullier S. 2007. A review on the interactions between gut microflora and digestive mucosal immunity. Possible ways to improve the health of rabbits. Livest. Sci., 107: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.09.005Foubert C., Duperray J., Boisot P., Guyonvarch A. 2008. Effect of feed restriction with or without free access to drinking water on performance of growing rabbits in healthy or epizootic rabbit enteropathy conditions. In: Proc. 9th World Rabbit Congress (Xiccato G., Trocino A., Lukefahr S.D., Eds.). Fond. Ini. Zooprofilattiche E Zoot. Publ., Brescia Italy, 667-671.Georgieva T., Penchev Georgiev I., Tanev S., Vachkov A., Petrov V., Eckersall P. D., Sotirov L., Lazarov L., Christov T.S., Nikolov J. 2009. Variations of acute phase protein (haptoglobin, fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin) concentrations in weaning rabbits after experimental infection with E. coli. Rev. Médecine Vét. 160: 133-139.Gidenne T., Licois D. 2005. Effect of a high fibre intake on the resistance of the growing rabbit to an experimental inoculation with an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. Anim. Sci., 80: 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1079/ASC41570281Gidenne T., Combes S., Fortun-Lamothe L. 2012. Feed intake limitation strategies for the growing rabbit: effect on feeding behaviour, welfare, performance, digestive physiology and health: a review. Animal 6: 1407-1419. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112000389Gidenne T., Lebas F., Savietto D., Dorchies P., Duperray J., Davoust C., Fortun-Lamothe L. 2015. Nutrition et alimentation. In: Le lapin. De la biologie à l'élevage (Gidenne T., Ed.). Quae Éditions Publ., Paris, France, 152-196.Goodlad R.A., Levi S., Lee C.Y., Mandir N., Hodgson H., Wright N.A. 1991. Morphometry and cell proliferation in endoscopic biopsies: evaluation of a technique. Gastroenterology, 101: 1235-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(91)90072-SKimsé M., Combes S., Fortun-Lamothe L., Cauquil L., Monteils V., Bayourthe C., Gidenne T. 2011. Physiopathologic and microbiologic characterisation of Rabbit Epizootic Enteropathy in the growing rabbit - first results. In: Proc. 13èmes Journées de la Recherche Cunicole (Bolet G., Ed.). ITAVI Publ. Paris, 155-158.Le Bouquin S., Jobert J.L., Larour G., Balaine L., Eono F., Boucher S., Huneau A., Michel V. 2009. Risk factors for an acute expression of Epizootic Rabbit Enteropathy syndrome in rabbits after weaning in French kindling-to-finish farms. Livest. Sci., 125: 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.05.010Le Floc'h N., Knudsen C., Gidenne T., Montagne L., Merlot E., Zemb O. 2014. Impact of feed restriction on health, digestion and faecal microbiota of growing pigs housed in good or poor hygiene conditions. Animal, 8: 1632-1642. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114001608Licois D. 2004. Domestic rabbit enteropathies. In: Proc. 8th World Rabbit Congress (Becerril C., Pro A., Eds.). Colegio de Postgraduados for WRSA publ., Puebla, Mexico, 385-403. Available at http://www.world-rabbit-science.com/WRSAProceedings/Congress-2004-Puebla/Papers/Pathology/P0-Licois.pdf Accessed July 2020.Licois D., Reynaud A., Federighi M., Gaillard-Martinie B., Guillot, J.F. 1991. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of adherence of Escherichia coli O103 enteropathogenic and/or enterohemorrhagic strain GV in enteric infection in rabbits. Infect. Immunity, 59: 3796-3800. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.59.10.3796-3800.1991Licois D., Guillot J.F., Mouline C., Reynaud A. 1992. Susceptibility of the Rabbit to an Enteropathogenic Strain of Escherichia coli 0103 - Effect of Animals Age. Ann. Rech. Vét., 23: 225-232.Maertens L. 2011. Strategies to Reduce Antibiotic Use in Rabbit Production. J. Agric. Sci. Technol., 1: 783-792.Marlier D., Dewree R., Delleur V., Licois D., Lassence C., Poulipoulis A., Vindevogel H. 2003. A review of the major causes of digestive disorders in the European rabbit. Ann. Rech. Vét., 147: 385-392.Martignon M.H., Combes S., Gidenne T. 2010. Digestive physiology and hindgut bacterial community of the young rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Effects of age and short-term intake limitation. Comp. Biochem. Phys. Part A, 156: 156-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.017Michelland R.J., Dejean S., Combes S., Fortun-Lamothe L., Cauquil L. 2009. StatFingerprints: A friendly graphical interface program for processing and analysis of microbial fingerprint profiles. Molec. Ecol. Ress., 9: 1359-1363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02609.xMichelland R.J, Monteils V., Combes S., Cauquil L., Gidenne T., Fortun-Lamothe L. 2011. Changes over time in the bacterial communities associated with fluid and food particles and the ruminal parameters in the bovine rumen before and after a dietary change. Canadian J. Microb., 57: 629-637. https://doi.org/10.1139/w11-053Milon A., Esslinger J., Camguilhem R. 1990. Adhesion of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic weaned rabbits to intestinal villi and hela-cells. Infect. Immunity, 58: 2690-2695. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.58.8.2690-2695.1990Milon A., Esslinger J., Camguilhem R., 1992. Oral vaccination of weaned rabbits against enteropathgenic Escherichia coli-like E. coli O103 infection: use of heterologous strains harboring lipopolysaccharide or adhesin of pathogenic strains. Infect. Immunity, 60: 2702-2709. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.60.7.2702-2709.1992Peeters J.E., Pohi P., Okerman L., Devriese, L. 1984. Pathogenic properties of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic commercial rabbits. J. clin. Microb., 84: 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.20.1.34-39.1984Peeters J.E., Charlier G., Raeymaekers R. 1985. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of attaching effacing Escherichia coli in weanling rabbits. Vet. Pathol., 22: 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098588502200109Peeters J.E., Geeroms R., Orskov F., 1988. Biotype, serotype, and pathogenicity of attaching and effacing enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic commercial rabbits. Infect. Immunity, 56: 1442-1448. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.56.6.1442-1448.1988Ramette A. 2007. Multivariate analyses in microbial ecology. FEMS Microb. Ecol. 62: 142-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00375.xRantzer D., Svendsen J., Westrom B. 1996. Effects of a strategic feed restriction on pig performance and health during the post-weaning period. Acta Agric. Scand. A, 46: 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064709609415874Rosenzweig M.L. 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623387Skrivanová E., Molatová Z., Skrivanová V., Marounek M. 2009. Inhibitory activity of frabbit milk and medium-chain fatty acids against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O128. Vet. Microb., 135: 358-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.08

In vitro Validation of Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence for the Diagnosis of Enamel Fluorosis in Permanent Teeth

This study aimed to validate quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) as a diagnostic tool for mild and moderate enamel fluorosis in permanent teeth, comparing it to visual diagnosis and histological assessment completed using polarized light microscopy (PLM). The buccal surfaces of 139 teeth were visually classified using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI) into sound (TFI 0; n = 17), mild (TFI 1-2; n = 69), and moderate (TFI 3-4; n = 43) fluorosis. Fluorosis was then assessed with QLF (variables ΔF, A, and ΔQ at 5-, 15-, and 30-radiance thresholds) using as reference areas the entire surface and a region of interest (ROI), identified as the most representative region of a fluorosis lesion. PLM images of longitudinal thin sections including the ROI were assessed for histological changes. Correlations among TFI, PLM, and QLF were determined. A receiver-operating characteristic curve was conducted to determine QLF's diagnostic accuracy when compared to the TFI and PLM assessments. This was used to assess the probability that the images were correctly ranked according to severity as determined by PLM and TFI. A positive correlation was found between QLF and PLM, and between QLF and TFI. QLF showed the highest sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of mild fluorosis. There was also a strong agreement between TFI and PLM. The selection of a ROI resulted in a stronger correlation with TFI and PLM than when the entire surface was used. The study results indicate that defining an ROI for QLF assessments is a valid method for the diagnosis of mild and moderate enamel fluorosis