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Intestinal absorption of macromolecules during viral enteritis: an experimental study on rotavirus-infected conventional and germ-free mice.
Epithelial transport and degradation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a macromolecular tracer, was studied in conventional and germ-free suckling mice following an experimental infection with rotavirus. Conventional and germ-free mice developed diarrhea from days 2 to 8 postinfection (pi), with growth failure. In mucosal homogenates, infectious virus detected by immunofluorescence on MA 104 cells was present from day 2 through day 8 pi in germ-free mice, but persisted longer (day 13 pi) in conventional mice. Only mild histological lesions were observed during diarrhea, but obvious macrovacuolation of epithelial cells and increased cellular density occurred during the convalescence period (days 9 to 13 pi). Intact and degraded HRP fluxes from mucosa to serosa were measured in vitro on segments of jejunum mounted in Ussing chambers. Both groups of mice developed increased HRP permeability during the experimental period, but at different times after inoculation: during the diarrheal period (days 2 and 3 pi) conventional mouse epithelium absorbed five times more HRP than noninfected controls and during the convalescence period (days 9 to 13 pi) HRP absorption in germ-free mice rose 10-fold as compared to its level before infection. In both cases, this increase in HRP permeability was entirely due to an increase in intact HRP absorption, probably via a transcellular route, and occurred without any alteration in degraded HRP transport. These results indicate that in mice, rotavirus infection causes a transient rise in gut permeability to undegraded proteins. The intestinal microflora seems to affect the timing, magnitude, and duration of this increased permeability
Relationship between extensions and intensions in categorization: A match made in heaven?
The present study investigated the relationship between category extension and intension for 11 different semantic categories. It is often tacitly assumed that there is a (strong) extension–intension link. However, a recent study by Hampton and Passanisi (2016) examining the patterns of stable individual differences in concepts across participants called this hypothesis into question. To conceptually replicate their findings, two studies were conducted. We employed a category judgment task to measure category extensions, whereas a property generation (in Study 1) and property judgment task (Study 2) were used to measure intensions. Using their method, that is, correlating extension and intension similarity matrices, we found nonsignificant correlations in both studies, supporting their conclusion that similarity between individuals for extensional judgments does not map onto similarity between individuals for intensional judgments. However, multilevel logistic regression analyses showed that the properties a person generated (Study 1) or endorsed (Study 2) better predicted her own category judgments compared to other people’s category judgments. This result provides evidence in favor of a link between extension and intension at the subject level. The conflicting findings, resulting from two different approaches, and their theoretical repercussions are discussed
Making electromagnetic wavelets
Electromagnetic wavelets are constructed using scalar wavelets as
superpotentials, together with an appropriate polarization. It is shown that
oblate spheroidal antennas, which are ideal for their production and reception,
can be made by deforming and merging two branch cuts. This determines a unique
field on the interior of the spheroid which gives the boundary conditions for
the surface charge-current density necessary to radiate the wavelets. These
sources are computed, including the impulse response of the antenna.Comment: 29 pages, 4 figures; minor corrections and addition
A systematic review of the scientifically demonstrated effects of densification
One of the current dominant strategies proposed for sustainable urban development is densification. UN Habitat prescribes a density of over 150 inhabitants per hectare to realize the UN Sustainable Development Goals. While some authors advocate the very reasonable benefits of density, others emphasize the potential drawbacks. The main goal of this paper is to provide a systematic review of international research on urban density and its potential benefits and drawbacks for sustainable urban development. 1208 articles were selected from Web of Science and after the screening of abstracts, 330 papers were found eligible to be included in the quantitative synthesis. Results show that the effects of densification that dominate literature are transport related studies (41%), followed by studies focusing on economics (14%), social effects (12%) and human health (11%). Least studied effects are resource efficiency (1%), service (3%) and urban environment (4%). Positive correlations with higher density are reported for transport and economics, while ecology, social impact and health show mainly negative correlations with higher density. The findings reported are generic as similar trends are found in North America, Asia and Europe and only minor differences in outcome are found in studies using different measures of density, unit or scale of analysis
Systematic review and comparison of densification effects and planning motivations
Do higher urban densities contribute to more sustainable cities and communities? This paper examines the effectiveness of higher density (as a means) for achieving sustainable urban development (the goal) following three lines of enquiry. First, a systematic review of the scientific literature (n = 229 peer-reviewed empirical studies) is presented on the effects of urban density. Second, the motivations for increasing urban density are studied in a systematic review of Swedish planning practices based on the comprehensive urban plans in 59 municipalities. Third, these two studies are compared to find matches and mismatches between evidence and practice. Although positive effects exist for public infrastructure, transport and economics, there are also considerable negative environmental, social and health impacts. This creates a challenging task for urban planners to assess the trade-offs involving densification and accommodate current urbanisation rates. Some topics are found to be over-represented in research (transport effects), seldom discussed in practice (environmental impact), and misaligned when comparing motives and evidence (social impact). Furthermore, for some topics, urban density thresholds are found that are important because they may explain some of the divergences in the results between studies. PRACTICE RELEVANCE The transfer of knowledge from research to planning practice is a serious concern as planning strategies are not aligned with scientific evidence. Planning practice in Sweden is more positive about the contribution of higher density to sustainable urban development than the results of empirical studies warrant. The largest deviation is found in relation to the social impacts of higher density where the planning arguments are not aligned with the evidence. Several reported negative effects of densification (e.g. water management, recreational infrastructure, biodiversity) are not sufficiently accounted for in Sweden’s planning policy and strategy. The narrow planning focus on decarbonising cities and densification needs to be broadened to ensure cities are resilient against the effects of climate change and include mitigation strategies to reduce negative social, environmental and health impacts. The findings can be used to develop evidence-based planning strategies. Other countries can apply this process to assess their planning strategies
Quantum Computation with Quantum Dots and Terahertz Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
A quantum computer is proposed in which information is stored in the two
lowest electronic states of doped quantum dots (QDs). Many QDs are located in a
microcavity. A pair of gates controls the energy levels in each QD. A
Controlled Not (CNOT) operation involving any pair of QDs can be effected by a
sequence of gate-voltage pulses which tune the QD energy levels into resonance
with frequencies of the cavity or a laser. The duration of a CNOT operation is
estimated to be much shorter than the time for an electron to decohere by
emitting an acoustic phonon.Comment: Revtex 6 pages, 3 postscript figures, minor typos correcte
Complex-Distance Potential Theory and Hyperbolic Equations
An extension of potential theory in R^n is obtained by continuing the
Euclidean distance function holomorphically to C^n. The resulting Newtonian
potential is generated by an extended source distribution D(z) in C^n whose
restriction to R^n is the delta function. This provides a natural model for
extended particles in physics. In C^n, interpreted as complex spacetime, D(z)
acts as a propagator generating solutions of the wave equation from their
initial values. This gives a new connection between elliptic and hyperbolic
equations that does not assume analyticity of the Cauchy data. Generalized to
Clifford analysis, it induces a similar connection between solutions of
elliptic and hyperbolic Dirac equations. There is a natural application to the
time-dependent, inhomogeneous Dirac and Maxwell equations, and the
`electromagnetic wavelets' introduced previously are an example.Comment: 25 pages, submited to Proceedings of 5th Intern. Conf. on Clifford
Algebras, Ixtapa, June 24 - July 4, 199
Folksonomies and clustering in the collaborative system CiteULike
We analyze CiteULike, an online collaborative tagging system where users
bookmark and annotate scientific papers. Such a system can be naturally
represented as a tripartite graph whose nodes represent papers, users and tags
connected by individual tag assignments. The semantics of tags is studied here,
in order to uncover the hidden relationships between tags. We find that the
clustering coefficient reflects the semantical patterns among tags, providing
useful ideas for the designing of more efficient methods of data classification
and spam detection.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, iop style; corrected typo
Implicit Theories: Elaboration and Extension of the Model
published_or_final_versio
Center of mass and relative motion in time dependent density functional theory
It is shown that the exchange-correlation part of the action functional
in time-dependent density functional theory , where
is the time-dependent density, is invariant under the
transformation to an accelerated frame of reference , where is an arbitrary
function of time. This invariance implies that the exchange-correlation
potential in the Kohn-Sham equation transforms in the following manner:
. Some of the
approximate formulas that have been proposed for satisfy this exact
transformation property, others do not. Those which transform in the correct
manner automatically satisfy the ``harmonic potential theorem", i.e. the
separation of the center of mass motion for a system of interacting particles
in the presence of a harmonic external potential. A general method to generate
functionals which possess the correct symmetry is proposed
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