897 research outputs found
Social Norms and Fundraising: The Trade-Off Between Enhanced Donations and Donor Identity Esteem
peerreview_statement: The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope. aims_and_scope_url: http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=wnon2
Sparrows can't sing : East End kith and kinship in the 1960s
Sparrows Canât Sing (1963) was the only feature film directed by
the late and much lamented Joan Littlewood. Set and filmed in
the East End, where she worked for many years, the film deserves
more attention than it has hitherto received. Littlewoodâs career
spanned documentary (radio recordings made with Ewan MacColl
in the North of England in the 1930s) to directing for the stage
and the running of the Theatre Royal in Londonâs Stratford East,
often selecting material which aroused memories in local audiences
(Leach 2006: 142). Many of the actors trained in her Theatre
Workshop subsequently became better known for their appearances
on film and television. Littlewood herself directed hardly any material
for the screen: Sparrows Canât Sing and a 1964 series of television
commercials for the British Egg Marketing Board, starring Theatre
Workshopâs Avis Bunnage, were rare excursions into an area of practice
which she found constraining and unamenable (Gable 1980: 32).
The hybridity and singularity of Littlewoodâs feature may answer,
in some degree, for its subsequent neglect. However, Sparrows Canât
Sing makes a significant contribution to a group of films made in
Britain in the 1960s which comment generally on changes in the
urban and social fabric. It is especially worthy of consideration,
I shall argue, for the use which Littlewood made of a particular
communityâs attitudes â sentimental and critical â to such changes and
for its amalgamation of an attachment to documentary techniques
(recording an aural landscape on location) with a preference for nonnaturalistic
delivery in performance
PERFORMANCE OF THE EXACT AND CHI-SQUARE TESTS ON SPARSE CONTINGENCY TABLES
A cross-sectional observational study design was used to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in wild deer feces. Samples were voluntarily submitted at a number of different locations. In order to determine if the proportions of E. coli 0157: H7 positive samples submitted were equal for each of the 26 locations, a 26 by 2 contingency table was analyzed. There were only four E. coli 0157:H7 positive samples, which resulted in a sparse table. It is possible to obtain statistically significant results in sparse tables using Fisher\u27s exact test, whereas the chi-square test is generally unreliable in such situations. Thus, Fisher\u27s exact test should be considered when small expected cell counts bring into question the validity of the chi-square test. However, the statistical conclusions based on either the exact test or an asymptotic chi-square test are shown to vary drastically by slight alterations in the distribution of non-empty cells. Therefore, a different statistical conclusion very easily could have been reached if a volunteer had submitted a sample at a different location. In addition, we show that the computational times for exact tests in SASÂŽ can be an applicational limitation
Exploring shared decision making in breast cancer care: A case-based conversation analytic approach
Shared decision making (SDM) is acknowledged as the gold standard of healthcare communication, particularly relevant to preference-sensitive care such as breast cancer treatment. However, research on patientsâ experiences shows a misalignment between cliniciansâ goals and the rhetoric regarding patientsâ empowerment during SDM for this treatment. This warrants detailed examination on the conversational dynamics of SDM, and this study aims to identify interactional features and social practices through which SDM is achieved. Fifteen audio recordings from adjuvant treatment breast cancer consultations were examined using the methodology of conversation analysis (CA), and recurrent patterns relevant for understanding SDM were identified. Boundary markers, rhetorical questioning and epistemic markers discouraged a shared orientation to patient participation, reinforcing perceived imbalanced doctorâpatient power relations. Cues for SDM such as multi-turn utterances and spaces for transition were presented but not recognised by patients, resulting in sub-optimal two-way discussions about decision making. The findings also reveal that interactional practices were deployed that theoretically should have enabled patients to contribute to SDM. However, in reality these did not result in extended sequences of reciprocated contributions from practitioner and service user. SDM did not happen with the ease implied by current models, and the resultant interactions bore more similarity to expert-led, rather than collaborative, decision makin
The Dudley earthquake of 22 September, 2002
The 4.7 ML Dudley earthquake on 22 September 2002 at 23:53 (UTC) was widely felt throughout England and Wales and was the largest earth-quake to occur onshore in the United Kingdom (UK) since the magnitude 5.1 ML Bishop's Castle earthquake in 1990. The earthquake hypocentre, determined from inversion of observed P- and S-wave travel-time data suggests a source depth of 14 km and this depth estimate is also supported by forward modelling of observed waveforms. Focal mechanisms obtained from both first motion polarites of local observations and moment tensor inversion of regional observations show left-lateral strike-slip faulting along a near vertical, near north-south striking fault plane whose orientation is in good agreement with the surface expression of the observed faults in the region. Two aftershocks were recorded within the location error ellipsoid of the mainshock. Comparison of the waveform signals revealed that the mainshock and aftershocks were nearly co-located and possibly had the same source mechanism. The observed peak ground acceleration is found to be less than that predicted using five empirical relations, which have been considered applicable in the UK. Seismic moment M0 and stress drop áşo were measured from on-scale records where Lg arrivals were clear, and then used to give better estimates of the peak ground accelerations using a stochastic approach
Random Matrices and Chaos in Nuclear Physics
The authors review the evidence for the applicability of random--matrix
theory to nuclear spectra. In analogy to systems with few degrees of freedom,
one speaks of chaos (more accurately: quantum chaos) in nuclei whenever
random--matrix predictions are fulfilled. An introduction into the basic
concepts of random--matrix theory is followed by a survey over the extant
experimental information on spectral fluctuations, including a discussion of
the violation of a symmetry or invariance property. Chaos in nuclear models is
discussed for the spherical shell model, for the deformed shell model, and for
the interacting boson model. Evidence for chaos also comes from random--matrix
ensembles patterned after the shell model such as the embedded two--body
ensemble, the two--body random ensemble, and the constrained ensembles. All
this evidence points to the fact that chaos is a generic property of nuclear
spectra, except for the ground--state regions of strongly deformed nuclei.Comment: 54 pages, 28 figure
Inspiratory muscle warm-up does not improve cycling time-trial performance
Purpose: This study examined the effects of an active cycling warm-up, with and without the addition of an inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW), on 10-km cycling time-trial performance
Why Do Dolphins Carry Sponges?
Tool use is rare in wild animals, but of widespread interest because of its relationship to animal cognition, social learning and culture. Despite such attention, quantifying the costs and benefits of tool use has been difficult, largely because if tool use occurs, all population members typically exhibit the behavior. In Shark Bay, Australia, only a subset of the bottlenose dolphin population uses marine sponges as tools, providing an opportunity to assess both proximate and ultimate costs and benefits and document patterns of transmission. We compared sponge-carrying (sponger) females to non-sponge-carrying (non-sponger) females and show that spongers were more solitary, spent more time in deep water channel habitats, dived for longer durations, and devoted more time to foraging than non-spongers; and, even with these potential proximate costs, calving success of sponger females was not significantly different from non-spongers. We also show a clear female-bias in the ontogeny of sponging. With a solitary lifestyle, specialization, and high foraging demands, spongers used tools more than any non-human animal. We suggest that the ecological, social, and developmental mechanisms involved likely (1) help explain the high intrapopulation variation in female behaviour, (2) indicate tradeoffs (e.g., time allocation) between ecological and social factors and, (3) constrain the spread of this innovation to primarily vertical transmission
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