8,139 research outputs found
Optimizing the performance of thermionic devices using energy filtering
Conventional thermionic power generators and refrigerators utilize a barrier
in the direction of transport to selectively transmit high-energy electrons.
Here we show that the energy spectrum of electrons transmitted in this way is
not optimal, and we derive the ideal energy spectrum for operation in the
maximum power regime. By using suitable energy filters, such as resonances in
quantum dots, the power of thermionic devices can, in principle, be improved by
an order of magnitude.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figure
Low-Mass X-ray Binaries and Globular Clusters in Early-Type Galaxies. I. Chandra Observations
We present a Chandra survey of LMXBs in 24 early-type galaxies. Correcting
for detection incompleteness, the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of each
galaxy is consistent with a powerlaw with negative logarithmic differential
slope, beta~2.0. However, beta strongly correlates with incompleteness,
indicating the XLF flattens at low-Lx. The composite XLF is well-fitted by a
powerlaw with a break at 2.21(+0.65,-0.56)E38 erg/s and beta=1.40(+0.10,-0.13)
and 2.84(+0.39,-0.30) below and above it, respectively. The break is close to
the Eddington limit for a 1.4Msun neutron-star, but the XLF shape rules out its
representing the division between neutron-star and black-hole systems. Although
the XLFs are similar, we find evidence of some variation between galaxies. The
high-Lx XLF slope does not correlate with age, but may correlate with
[alpha/Fe]. Considering only LMXBs with Lx>1E37 erg/s, matching the LMXBs with
globular clusters (GCs) identified in HST observations of 19 of the galaxies,
we find the probability a GC hosts an LMXB is proportional to LGC^alpha
ZFe^gamma} where alpha=1.01+/-0.19 and gamma=0.33+/-0.11. Correcting for GC
luminosity and colour effects, and detection incompleteness, we find no
evidence that the fraction of LMXBs with Lx>1e37 erg/s in GCs (40%), or the
fraction of GCs hosting LMXBs (~6.5%) varies between galaxies. The spatial
distribution of LMXBs resembles that of GCs, and the specific frequency of
LMXBs is proportional to the GC specific luminosity, consistent with the
hypothesis that all LMXBs form in GCs. If the LMXB lifetime is tau and the duty
cycle is Fd, our results imply ~1.5 (tau/1E8 yr)^-1 /Fd LMXBs are formed per
Gyr per GC and we place an upper limit of 1 active LMXB in the field per
3.4E9Lsun of V-band luminosity.Comment: 24 pages, 17 figures and 6 tables. Accepted for publication in the
Astrophysical Journal. Expanded discussion and various minor revisions to
improve robustness of results. Conclusions unchange
Concept study for a high-efficiency nanowire-based thermoelectric
Materials capable of highly efficient, direct thermal-to-electric energy
conversion would have substantial economic potential. Theory predicts that
thermoelectric efficiencies approaching the Carnot limit can be achieved at low
temperatures in one-dimensional conductors that contain an energy filter such
as a double-barrier resonant tunneling structure. The recent advances in growth
techniques suggest that such devices can now be realized in heterostructured,
semiconductor nanowires. Here we propose specific structural parameters for
InAs/InP nanowires that may allow the experimental observation of near-Carnot
efficient thermoelectric energy conversion in a single nanowire at low
temperature
Analytical and numerical analyses of the micromechanics of soft fibrous connective tissues
State of the art research and treatment of biological tissues require
accurate and efficient methods for describing their mechanical properties.
Indeed, micromechanics motivated approaches provide a systematic method for
elevating relevant data from the microscopic level to the macroscopic one. In
this work the mechanical responses of hyperelastic tissues with one and two
families of collagen fibers are analyzed by application of a new variational
estimate accounting for their histology and the behaviors of their
constituents. The resulting, close form expressions, are used to determine the
overall response of the wall of a healthy human coronary artery. To demonstrate
the accuracy of the proposed method these predictions are compared with
corresponding 3-D finite element simulations of a periodic unit cell of the
tissue with two families of fibers. Throughout, the analytical predictions for
the highly nonlinear and anisotropic tissue are in agreement with the numerical
simulations
Accommodation of the human lens capsule using a finite element model based on nonlinear regionally anisotropic biomembranes
Accommodation of the eyes, the mechanism that allows humans to focus their vision on near objects, naturally diminishes with age via presbyopia. People who have undergone cataract surgery, using current surgical methods and artificial lens implants, are also left without the ability to accommodate. The process of accommodation is generally well known; however the specific mechanical details have not been adequately explained due to difficulties and consequences of performing in vivo studies. Most studies have modeled the mechanics of accommodation under assumptions of a linearly elastic, isotropic, homogenous lens and lens capsule. Recent experimental and numerical studies showed that the lens capsule exhibits nonlinear elasticity and regional anisotropy. In this paper we present a numerical model of human accommodation using a membrane theory based finite element approach, incorporating recent findings on capsular properties. This study seeks to provide a novel perspective of the mechanics of accommodation. Such findings may prove significant in seeking biomedical solutions to restoring loss of visual power
Online, interactive user guidance for high-dimensional, constrained motion planning
We consider the problem of planning a collision-free path for a
high-dimensional robot. Specifically, we suggest a planning framework where a
motion-planning algorithm can obtain guidance from a user. In contrast to
existing approaches that try to speed up planning by incorporating experiences
or demonstrations ahead of planning, we suggest to seek user guidance only when
the planner identifies that it ceases to make significant progress towards the
goal. Guidance is provided in the form of an intermediate configuration
, which is used to bias the planner to go through . We
demonstrate our approach for the case where the planning algorithm is
Multi-Heuristic A* (MHA*) and the robot is a 34-DOF humanoid. We show that our
approach allows to compute highly-constrained paths with little domain
knowledge. Without our approach, solving such problems requires
carefully-crafting domain-dependent heuristics
The X-Ray Concentration-Virial Mass Relation
We present the concentration (c)-virial mass (M) relation of 39 galaxy
systems ranging in mass from individual early-type galaxies up to the most
massive galaxy clusters, (0.06-20) x 10^{14} M_sun. We selected for analysis
the most relaxed systems possessing the highest quality data currently
available in the Chandra and XMM public data archives. A power-law model fitted
to the X-ray c-M relation requires at high significance (6.6 sigma) that c
decreases with increasing M, which is a general feature of CDM models. The
median and scatter of the c-M relation produced by the flat, concordance LCDM
model (Omega_m=0.3, sigma_8=0.9) agrees with the X-ray data provided the sample
is comprised of the most relaxed, early forming systems, which is consistent
with our selection criteria. Holding the rest of the cosmological parameters
fixed to those in the concordance model the c-M relation requires 0.76< sigma_8
<1.07 (99% conf.), assuming a 10% upward bias in the concentrations for early
forming systems. The tilted, low-sigma_8 model suggested by a new WMAP analysis
is rejected at 99.99% confidence, but a model with the same tilt and
normalization can be reconciled with the X-ray data by increasing the dark
energy equation of state parameter to w ~ -0.8. When imposing the additional
constraint of the tight relation between sigma_8 and Omega_m from studies of
cluster abundances, the X-ray c-M relation excludes (>99% conf.) both open CDM
models and flat CDM models with Omega_m ~1. This result provides novel evidence
for a flat, low-Omega_m universe with dark energy using observations only in
the local (z << 1) universe. Possible systematic errors in the X-ray mass
measurements of a magnitude ~10% suggested by CDM simulations do not change our
conclusions.Comment: Accepted for Publication in ApJ; 13 pages, 4 figures; minor
clarifications and updates; correlation coefficients corrected in Table 1
(correct values were used in the analysis in previous versions); conclusions
unchange
Are we seeing accretion flows in a 250kpc-sized Ly-alpha halo at z=3?
Using MUSE on the ESO-VLT, we obtained a 4 hour exposure of the z=3.12 radio
galaxy MRC0316-257. We detect features down to ~10^-19 erg/s/cm^2/arcsec^2 with
the highest surface brightness regions reaching more than a factor of 100
higher. We find Ly-alpha emission out to ~250 kpc in projection from the active
galactic nucleus (AGN). The emission shows arc-like morphologies arising at
150-250 kpc from the nucleus in projection with the connected filamentary
structures reaching down into the circum-nuclear region. The most distant arc
is offset by 700 km/s relative to circum-nuclear HeII 1640 emission, which we
assume to be at the systemic velocity. As we probe emission closer to the
nucleus, the filamentary emission narrows in projection on the sky, the
relative velocity decreases to ~250 km/s, and line full-width at half maximum
range from 300-700 km/s. From UV line ratios, the emission on scales of 10s of
kpc from the nucleus along a wide angle in the direction of the radio jets is
clearly excited by the radio jets and ionizing radiation of the AGN. Assuming
ionization equilibrium, the more extended emission outside of the axis of the
jet direction would require 100% or more illumination to explain the observed
surface brightness. High speed (>300 km/s) shocks into rare gas would provide
sufficiently high surface brightness. We discuss the possibility that the arcs
of Ly-alpha emission represent accretion shocks and the filamentary emission
represent gas flows into the halo, and compare our results with gas accretion
simulations.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, A&A letters accepte
Regional mechanical properties and stress analysis of the human anterior lens capsule
The lens capsule of the eye functions, in part, as a deformable support through which the ciliary body applies tractions that can alter lens curvature and corresponding refractive power during the process of accommodation. Although it has long been recognized that characterization of the mechanical properties of the lens capsule is fundamental to understanding this physiologic process as well as clinical interventions, prior data have been limited by one-dimensional testing of excised specimens despite the existence of multiaxial loading in vivo. In this paper, we employ a novel experimental approach to study in situ the regional, multiaxial mechanical behavior of both normal and diabetic human anterior lens capsules. Furthermore, we use these data to calculate material parameters in a nonlinear stress– strain relation via a custom sub-domain inverse finite element method (FEM). These parameters are then used to predict capsular stresses in response to imposed loads using a forward FEM model. Our results for both normal and diabetic human eyes show that the anterior lens capsule exhibits a nonlinear pseudoelastic behavior over finite strains that is typical of soft tissues, and that strains are principal relative to meridional and circumferential directions. Experimental data and parameter estimation suggest further that the capsule is regionally anisotropic, with the circumferential direction becoming increasingly stiffer than the meridional direction towards the equator. Although both normal and diabetic lens capsules exhibited these general characteristic behaviors, diabetic capsules were significantly stiffer at each distension. Finally, the forward FEM model predicted a nearly uniform, equibiaxial stress field during normalcy that will be perturbed by cataract surgery. Such mechanical perturbations may be an underlying modulator of the sustained errant epithelial cell behavior that is observed well after cataract surgery and may ultimately contribute to opacification of the posterior lens capsule
- …