1,149 research outputs found
Presents or investments? An experimental analysis
commodities;investment;experimental design;game theory
Ektopes Prostatagewebe in der Cervix uteri
Zusammenfassung: Ektopes Prostatagewebe ist ein selten beobachtetes PhĂ€nomen im unteren Genitaltrakt der Frau. Ătiologisch werden Entwicklungsanomalien, eine Metaplasie vorbestehender endozervikaler DrĂŒsen und Reste embryonaler Genitalanlagen diskutiert. Wir berichten ĂŒber ektopes Prostatagewebe in der Cervix uteri einer 82-jĂ€hrigen Patientin. Dieses Gewebe fand sich als Zufallsbefund in einem HysterektomieprĂ€parat. Diese ungewöhnliche LĂ€sion sollte besonders von atypischen glandulĂ€ren LĂ€sionen der Cervix uteri abgegrenzt werden. Immunhistochemische Zusatzuntersuchungen sichern die Diagnos
Erfolgreiche Methotrexattherapie bei TubargraviditÀt
Zusammenfassung: Pathologen sind mit den histologischen Merkmalen einer vitalen TubargraviditĂ€t gut vertraut. Sehr viel seltener werden vom Pathologen erfolgreich medikamentös behandelte TubargraviditĂ€ten untersucht, da diese Patientinnen ĂŒblicherweise nicht operiert werden. Wir berichten ĂŒber so einen seltenen Fall, in dem histologisch kein trophoblastĂ€res Gewebe gefunden wurde. Intratubares Granulationsgewebe reprĂ€sentierte die durch die zytostatische Therapie zugrunde gegangene GraviditĂ€
Staging for distant metastases in operable breast cancer: a suggested expansion of the ESMO guideline recommendation for staging imaging of node-negative, hormonal receptor-negative disease
We evaluated the impact of staging procedures to detect asymptomatic distant metastases (DM) in the management of women with operable invasive breast cancer (BC, entire cohort: n = 866). Out of 472 patients with lymph node (LN)-negative disease (pN0), DM were found in four cases (detection rate: 0.8%). All four patients presented with established risk factors: hormone receptor (HR)-negative status, HER2-positive status, n = 3; âtriple-negative' disease, n = 1. Considering the subgroup of LN-negative patients whose tumors showed the risk factor ânegative HR status' (n = 66), the detection rate of DM was 6%. The detection rates of DM in higher pN categories were as follows: pN1:1.7%; pN2:9.5%; pN3:13.5%. We generally support the international guidelines, including those published by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) which emphasize that patients with early-stage BC do not profit from radiological staging for the detection of DM and recommend refraining from this. However, we would expand these guidelines and propose that screening should be carried out in node-negative patients whose tumors show established tumor-related risk factors (e.g. HR-negative and HER2-positive status), since in this particular subcohort, the detection rate of DM is with 6% similarly high as that of patients with four to nine positive LN
Scope and significance of non-uniform classification practices in breast cancer with non-inflammatory skin involvement: a clinicopathologic study and an international survey
Background: The study evaluates the scope of non-uniform classification practices concerning breast carcinomas with non-inflammatory skin involvement. Patients and methods: We compared the clinical course of patients with histologically proven non-inflammatory skin involvement: 119 (65.4%) with clinically obvious âclassical' skin changes (Group A) and 63 (34.6%) with no or only discreet changes (Group B). A questionnaire was circulated to pathology departments in 24 countries to assess the practice concerning the placement of skin- involved breast carcinomas in the TNM classification. Results: Patients in Group B showed a significantly better disease specific survival (P = 0.0002). Eighty-six respondents (70.5%) of the survey preferred the âhistological view' and classified tumors with only histological proven skin involvement as T4b/stage IIIB. The opposing classification principle (âclinical view'), which dictates that T4b breast cancer is a clinical diagnosis and the classical signs must be present, was supported by 31 respondents (25.4%). Conclusions: A large number of breast cancer patients with non-inflammatory skin involvement are only histologically proven and show, compared with cases exhibiting the classical clinical signs, significant differences in clinical course and prognosis. In general, both subsets were aggregated in one T category/stage (T4b/IIIB). This results in a considerable distortion of the reported statistical dat
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Community projects: an experimental analysis of a fair implementation process
We define and experimentally test a public provision mechanism that meets three basic ethical requirements and allows community members to influence, via monetary bids, which of several projects is implemented. For each project, participants are assigned personal values, which can be positive or negative. We provide either public or private information about personal values. This produces two distinct public provision games, which are experimentally implemented and analyzed for various projects. In spite of the complex experimental task, participants do not rely on bidding their own personal values as an obvious simple heuristic whose general acceptance would result in fair and efficient outcomes. Rather, they rely on strategic underbidding. Although underbidding is affected by projectsâ characteristics, the provision mechanism mostly leads to the implementation of the most efficient project
Incomplete Punishment Networks in Public Goods Games: Experimental Evidence
Abundant evidence suggests that high levels of contributions to public goods can be sustained through self-governed monitoring and sanctioning. This experimental study investigates the effectiveness of decentralized sanctioning institutions in alternative punishment networks. Our results show that the structure of punishment network significantly affects allocations to the public good. In addition, we observe that network configurations are more important than punishment capacities for the levels of public good provision, imposed sanctions and economic efficiency. Lastly, we show that targeted revenge is a major driver of anti-social punishment
What happens if you single out? An experiment
We present an experiment investigating the effects of singling out an individual on trust and trustworthiness. We find that (a) trustworthiness falls if there is a singled out subject; (b) non-singled out subjects discriminate against the singled out subject when they are not responsible of the distinct status of this person; (c) under a negative frame, the singled out subject returns significantly less; (d) under a positive frame, the singled out subject behaves bimodally, either selecting very low or very high return rates. Overall, singling out induces a negligible effect on trust but is potentially disruptive for trustworthiness
Tournaments and piece rates revisited: a theoretical and experimental study of output-dependent prize tournaments
Tournaments represent an increasingly important component of organizational compensation systems. While prior research focused on fixed-prize tournaments where the prize to be awarded is set in advance, we introduce âoutput-dependent prizesâ where the tournament prize is endogenously determined by agentsâ outputâit is high when the output is high and low when the output is low. We show that tournaments with output-dependent prizes outperform fixed-prize tournaments and piece rates. A multi-agent experiment supports the theoretical result
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