Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in human mobility patterns in Holocene Southwest Asia and the East Mediterranean

We present a spatiotemporal picture of human genetic diversity in Anatolia, Iran, Levant, South Caucasus, and the Aegean, a broad region that experienced the earliest Neolithic transition and the emergence of complex hierarchical societies. Combining 35 new ancient shotgun genomes with 382 ancient and 23 present-day published genomes, we found that genetic diversity within each region steadily increased through the Holocene. We further observed that the inferred sources of gene flow shifted in time. In the first half of the Holocene, Southwest Asian and the East Mediterranean populations homogenized among themselves. Starting with the Bronze Age, however, regional populations diverged from each other, most likely driven by gene flow from external sources, which we term “the expanding mobility model.” Interestingly, this increase in inter-regional divergence can be captured by outgroup-f$_3$-based genetic distances, but not by the commonly used F$_{ST}$ statistic, due to the sensitivity of F$_{ST}$, but not outgroup-f$_3$, to within-population diversity. Finally, we report a temporal trend of increasing male bias in admixture events through the Holocene

Batı Anadolu Bölgesi Tarihöncesi Dönemlerine Yeni Katkılar

İç Anadolu platosuyla Ege kıyı şeridi arasında uzanan Batı Anadolu Bölgesi, sıra dağları ve geniş ovaların oluşturduğu coğrafi yapısıyla genel olarak Akdeniz iklim kuşağının hakim olduğu bir konumdadır (Harita 1)(1). Batı Anadolu’da Küçük Menderes vadisinin (Cayster) güneyi, farklı jeomorfolojik yapıları bir arada sergileyen ve Ege’nin tüm karakteristik özelliklerini yansıtan bir bölge olarak dikkati çekmektedir(2). Küçük Menderes’in güneyinde doğu-batı doğrultusunda uzanan Aydın dağları (Messogis), bölgenin en yüksek dağ sıralarından biridir(3). Aydın dağlarının batısı Samsun dağlarıyla takip edilerek Ege kıyı şeridine uzanmakta doğusu, İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nin yüksek platosuyla birleşmekte güneyi ise, Anadolu’nun en önemli nehirlerinden biri olma özelliği taşıyan Büyük Menderes’in (Maeander) oluşturduğu ovaya bağlanmaktadır(4)

The cultural structure of Aydın-İkizdere region in the prehistoric age and its contribution to the archaeology of Aegean Region

Günel Sevinç. The cultural structure of Aydın-İkizdere region in the prehistoric age and its contribution to the archaeology of Aegean Region. In: Anatolia Antiqua, Tome 13, 2005. pp. 29-40

Vorbericht über die Oberflächenbegehungen in den Provinzen Aydın und Muğla

Archaeological Field Surveys in Aydın and Muğla, Western Anatolia and the Aegean Coast displayed similar cultural developments, due to their close connection. The main reason for this similarity seems to be the common topographical and climatic conditions of these regions. Starting from prehistoric periods, through ages, Western Anatolia had been related both to the Greek Islands and Peninsula via Aegean Sea and to the Central Anatolian Plateau via Gediz (Hermos) Valley and the Meander Rivers. However, the scholarship focusing on the place and importance of prehistoric cultures of Western Anatolia in the Anatolian and Aegean archaeology is extremely limited. The region has been known in terms of its cultural development because the number of the antique sites belonging to classical period is abundant. The recent systematic excavations in Izmir and its surrroundings unearthed new centers enlightening the earlier periods of the region. Certainly, a similar cultural development existed in the south of the Small Meander River. The lack of research regarding prehistoric times is more evident in the area south of the Small Meander, including the areas of the cities of Aydın and Muğla. The first results of the project, "Archaeological Field Survey in Aydın and Muğla" in 2001 have revealed the existence of sites delivering finds belonging to prehistoric times. Obsidian and stone tools together with ceramic fragments found during the field survey proved the existence of Dressed Stone Industry in the Aydın region. This evidence has also helped to clarify the hitherto unknown chronology and relationship between Southern and Western Anatolia. This field survey reveals the existence of centers originally founded during the 4th millennium BC continued in the 3rd and 2nd milllennia BC. In this area, apart from mounds, acropolis and plain settlement units have been observed. The following seasons of our archaeological field survey project will be organized with the expectation to identify the expansion of new centers within a large span of time. The archeological data obtained will be evaluated towards a better understanding of the cultural history and chronological development of Western Anatolia.Günel Sevinç. Vorbericht über die Oberflächenbegehungen in den Provinzen Aydın und Muğla. In: Anatolia Antiqua, Tome 11, 2003. pp. 75-100

A Hittite Seal Impression from Çine-Tepecik

Der Fundort Çine-Tepecik am Çine-Bach(dem antiken Fluss Marsyas), einem Nebenfluss des Mäanders, liefert wichtige Zeugnisse für das Zusammentreffen unterschiedlicher Kulturkreise in Westanatolien während der Spätbronzezeit. Die Schicht II 1 a weist eine befestigte Siedlung auf, in der sowohl mykenische Keramik als auch eine gesiegelte Tonbulle der hethitischen Großreichszeit zutage gekommen sind. Im Artikel wird insbesondere auf die Lesung des hethitischen Hieroglyphensiegels eingegangen. Die Bedeutung des Fundortes im Kontext der historischen Geographie des Mäandergebietes während des Spätbronzezeit wird eingehend diskutiert. Excavations at Çine-Tepecik located on the east bank of the Çine Çay, a tributary of the Meander River, have brought forth both Mycenaen and Hittite material culture indicating that the site was a converging point of Aegean and Central Anatolian cultures during the Late Bronze Age in Western Anatolia. Çine-Tepecik level II 1 a, dating to the Late Bronze Age, was a fortified settlement in which Mycenaean pottery and a Hittite bulla bearing a hieroglyphic seal impression were found. The article discusses in particular the Hittite seal inscription and the significance of the site within the context of the historical geography of the area of the Meander valley during the Late Bronze Age

Mycenaean Krater Fragments with Figural Scenes and a Seal Impression of a Hittite Prince from the Late Bronze Age Settlement of Çine-Tepecik

Die Ausgrabungen der spätbronzezeitlichen Siedlung von Çine-Tepecik, in der Çine-Ebene (Ebene des Marsyas) südlich des Mäanders gelegen, brachten sowohl eine starke Befestigungsmauer als auch Gebäude für Vorratshaltung zutage. In einem der Gebäude wurden neben einer großen Anzahl von Gefäßen zahlreiche Pithosscherben und ein Pithos in situ gefunden. Lokale, westanatolische Keramikwaren und -formen sind durch Teller aus ›buff ware‹, Schüsseln mit rot bemaltem Dekor sowie große Schüsseln und Krüge vertreten. Aus dem Bereich der Westmauer des Gebäudes kamen zahlreiche Pithoi, Gefäßfragmente, Metallfunde sowie zwei hethitische Siegelungen auf Tonverschlüssen. Die bemalten mykenischen Schüsseln, Kratere mit figürlichen Darstellungen und die großreichszeitlichen hethitischen Siegelabdrücke mit Hieroglypheninschriften weisen auf einen interregionalen Handel sowie auf eine Verwaltungsfunktion des Gebäudes hin. Die Bildthemen auf zwei Krateren spiegeln eine zum ›pictorial style‹ parallel verlaufende Tradition wider, die aus der Ägais und dem östlichen Mittelmeerraum bekannt ist. Sowohl die Jagdszene als auch die Darstellung eines Kriegers gehören im Kontext der mykenischen Themen und Motive der Periode SH III B2 – SH III C-Früh und -Mitte an und liefern dazu eine parallele Chronologie.Excavations at the Late Bronze Age settlement of Çine-Tepecik, located in the Çine valley (Marsyas) south of the Meander River, have revealed strong fortifications as well as storage buildings. In one of these buildings, a large number of pottery vessels as well as dense concentrations of pithos sherds, partly preserved pithoi and a fully preserved pithos were discovered. Buff ware plates, bowls with red painted decoration, large bowls and jugs reflect the local western Anatolian pottery tradition in terms of both wares and shapes. A large number of the pithoi, other vessels, metal finds and Hittite seal impressions were found scattered in the vicinity of the west wall of the building. The Mycenaean decorated deep bowls, kraters with figural scenes, and seal impressions with hieroglyphic inscriptions dating to the Hittite Empire period demonstrate that the building was involved in interregional trade and exchange and acted within the context of administrative buildings of the settlement. The subjects portrayed on two kraters reflect a tradition parallel to the ›pictorial style‹ vessels known from the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean world. Both the hunting scene and the representation of a warrior belong to the LH III B2 – LH III C early-middle period within the context of Mycenaean motifs and subjects and provide a parallel chronology.

10. Kuruluş Etkinliği

Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar Uluslararası Sempozyumu 24.04.2007- 25.04.2007 bildiri kitabıdır. İnsan figürlerin yer aldığı seramik örnekleri Bademgediği kazılarında ele geçmiş olup Kos kökenli diğer boya bezemeli Myken seramik örnekleriyle birlikte yayınlandıkları Mountjoy, Per.eiope A. (2005). "Mycenaean Connections with the Near East in LH IIIC: Ships and Sea Peoples", Emporia. Aegearıs in the Central and Eastern Mediterrenean. Proceedings of the lOth International Aegean Conference Italian School of Archaeology 14-18 April 2004. (Eds. R. Laffineur ve E. Greco.) Liege: Üniversite d'Liege makalesinden aktarılmıştır. Öğeler U. Deniz tarafından yeniden düzenlenmiştir