对工业工程实践进行的360度评估调查的多维度定量研究

عادة ما تكون مبادرة الطلاب واستباقيتهم أثناء تطوير فصول الهندسة محدودة للغاية. ومع ذلك, على عكس الفصول النظرية,  يُظهر الطلاب عادةً اهتمامًا أكبر بالممارسات المختبرية للموضوعات. نظرًا لأن الزيادة في عدد المتسربين من الدورات الهندسية ، فضلاً عن انخفاض الالتحاق, هي حقيقة يتم ملاحظتها أكثر فأكثر, تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التحليل الكمي لتأثير أداة تقييم 360 درجةفي تقييم الممارسات, في مجموعات طلابية مختلفة لفرع الهندسة الصناعية. وبهذا, فإن الهدف من ذلك هو تحقيق العديد من الأهداف: من ناحية, إشراك الطالب في عملية التقييم, ومن ناحية أخرى, معرفة درجة رضاهم عن المجموعات المختلفة بالتقييم 360 درجة, وكذلك رأي حول الترجيح العادل لكل تقييم. لهذا, يتم تقديم منهجية تستند إلى تطبيق التقييم 360 درجة وتصميم المسح مع 23 سؤالا. كانت هناك ثلاث مراحل من عملية التقييم بزاوية 360 درجة: مشتركة( بين الطلاب)ذاتي( من قبل الطالب نفسه) وتقييم غير متجانسة( من قبل المعلم). في البداية ، تم تصميم استبيان ، والتحقق من صحته من خلال تحليل عامل التأكيد, وتم تحليل الردود على أساس 4 مجموعات مختارة: موضوعان من العامين الأول والأخير, وطريقة التقييم, والجنس( ذكر أو أنثى) والدورة( الدرجة أو الماجستير). تم أيضًا تحليل أفضل ترجيح في الدرجة النهائية لكل مقيِّم, واقتراح القيم المثلى من 50٪ -30٪ -20٪ للتقييم غير المتجانسة, والمشاركة, والتقييم الذاتي, على التوالي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك, أظهرت النتائج درجة عالية من الرضا من جانب المجموعات التي تم تحليلها من خلال الاستبيان وتعكس نضج الطالب.Initiative and proactiveness shown by students during engineering lectures is usually very limited. However, students usually show high levels of interest in practical laboratory sessions. In order to address increasing dropout from engineering courses, as well as decreased enrollment, the present study aims to quantitatively analyze the impact of a 360-degree feedback survey for evaluating practical sessions. Analysis was conducted overall and as a function of industrial engineering students. Several objectives are intended to be achieved. Firstly, the study aimed to engage students in the evaluation process and, secondly, identify satisfaction with 360-degree feedback as a function of different groupings, whilst, at the same time, gathering opinions about the fairness of evaluation. To this end, a methodology based on the application of 360-degree feedback was applied and a 23-question survey was administered. The following three stages were followed for the 360-degree feedback evaluation process: co- (between students), self- (the student themself) and hetero-evaluation (lecturer). Initially, a questionnaire was designed and validated using confirmatory factor analysis. Responses were analyzed as a function of 4 groups: module (one first- and one third-year module), evaluation type, sex (male or female) and degree level (BSc or MSc). The most appropriate weighting to be applied to each evaluation in order to produce a final overall score was also analysed. This suggested optimal values ​​of 50%, 30% and 20% for the hetero-, co- and self-evaluations, respectively. Additionally, outcomes revealed a high degree of satisfaction for all analysed groupings and high level of maturity in participating students.La iniciativa y la proactividad del alumnado de Ingeniería durante el desarrollo de las clases teóricas es normalmente muy limitada, al contrario que en las prácticas de laboratorio donde muestra más interés. Se constata un aumento del abandono en las carreras de ingeniería y una disminución de matriculados y este estudio tiene como finalidad analizar cuantitativamente el impacto de una herramienta de evaluación 360 grados encuestada en la evaluación de prácticas en estudiantes de ingeniería industrial. Se pretenden lograr varios objetivos: por un lado, implicar al estudiante en el proceso de evaluación y, por otro, conocer su grado de satisfacción con este tipo de evaluación, así como su opinión sobre la ponderación justa. Se Sigue una metodología basada en la aplicación de la evaluación 360 grados y un diseño de encuesta con 23 preguntas. Las etapas del proceso de evaluación 360 grados fueron tres: co- (entre estudiantes), auto- (por el propio estudiante) y hetero-evaluación (por el docente). Se diseñó un cuestionario, validado mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio, y se procedió al análisis de las respuestas en base a 4 agrupaciones seleccionadas: dos asignaturas de primeros y últimos cursos, modalidad de evaluación, sexo (hombre o mujer) y ciclo (Grado o Máster). También se ha analizado la mejor ponderación en la calificación final para cada evaluador, proponiéndose como óptimos los valores 50%-30%-20% para la hetero-, co- y autoevaluación, respectivamente. Los resultados muestran un elevado grado de satisfacción por parte de los grupos analizados a través de la encuesta y adecuada maduración del estudiante.A iniciativa e a proatividade dos alunos durante as aulas de engenharia são geralmente muito limitadas. No entanto, ao contrário os alunos tendem a mostrar mais interesse pelas práticas laboratoriais das disciplinas. Dado que o aumento de desistências nos cursos de engenharia, bem como a diminuição de matrículas, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar quantitativamente o impacto de uma ferramenta de avaliação de 360 graus inquirida na avaliação de aulas práticas, em estudantes da engenharia industrial. Pretende-se, assim, atingir vários objetivos: por um lado, envolver o estudante no processo de avaliação e, por outro, conhecer o seu grau de satisfação de diferentes grupos com avaliação, bem como a sua opinião sobre a ponderação justa de cada avaliação. Para isso, apresenta-se uma metodologia baseada na aplicação da avaliação de 360 graus e a elaboração de um questionário com 23 perguntas. As fases do processo de avaliação de 360 graus eram três: co- (entre estudantes), auto- (pelo próprio estudante) e heteroavaliação (pelo docente). Inicialmente, foi elaborado um questionário, validado por análise fatorial confirmatória, e procedeu-se à análise das respostas com base em 4 grupos selecionados: duas disciplinas dos primeiros e últimos anos, modo de avaliação, sexo (masculino ou feminino) e ciclo (Licenciatura ou Mestrado). Foi também analisada a melhor ponderação na nota final para cada avaliador, propondo-se como ótimos os valores 50%-30%-20% para a hetero-, co- e autoavaliação, respetivamente. Além disso, os resultados revelaram um elevado grau de satisfação por parte dos grupos analisados através, o que reflete a maturidade do estudante.A iniciativa e a proatividade dos alunos durante as aulas de engenharia são geralmente muito limitadas. No entanto, ao contrário os alunos tendem a mostrar mais interesse pelas práticas laboratoriais das disciplinas. Dado que o aumento de desistências nos cursos de engenharia, bem como a diminuição de matrículas, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar quantitativamente o impacto de uma ferramenta de avaliação de 360 graus inquirida na avaliação de aulas práticas, em estudantes da engenharia industrial. Pretende-se, assim, atingir vários objetivos: por um lado, envolver o estudante no processo de avaliação e, por outro, conhecer o seu grau de satisfação de diferentes grupos com avaliação, bem como a sua opinião sobre a ponderação justa de cada avaliação. Para isso, apresenta-se uma metodologia baseada na aplicação da avaliação de 360 graus e a elaboração de um questionário com 23 perguntas. As fases do processo de avaliação de 360 graus eram três: co- (entre estudantes), auto- (pelo próprio estudante) e heteroavaliação (pelo docente). Inicialmente, foi elaborado um questionário, validado por análise fatorial confirmatória, e procedeu-se à análise das respostas com base em 4 grupos selecionados: duas disciplinas dos primeiros e últimos anos, modo de avaliação, sexo (masculino ou feminino) e ciclo (Licenciatura ou Mestrado). Foi também analisada a melhor ponderação na nota final para cada avaliador, propondo-se como ótimos os valores 50%-30%-20% para a hetero-, co- e autoavaliação, respetivamente. Além disso, os resultados revelaram um elevado grau de satisfação por parte dos grupos analisados através, o que reflete a maturidade do estudante.在工程课上，学生表现出来的主动性和积极性往往不高。但跟理论课相反，在学科实验课上学生常常表现出更多的兴趣。考虑到工程专业逐年提升的弃学率，和逐年下降的注册率，该研究希望对一测量工具的影响进行定量分析。该工具可以在360度的范围内对工业工程专业的不同学生群体进行实践评估，以此来达成以下目标：一让学生参与到评估过程；二通过360度评估了解不同群体的满意度以及他们对每项评估权重的意见。为了实现上述目标，研究使用360度评估方法和包含23个问题的问卷调查。360度评估过程分为三个阶段：相互评估（学生与学生之间）、自我评估（由学生自己进行）和异体评估（由老师进行）。首先设计了一个通过验证性因素分析的问卷，然后对问卷答案进行分析。我们将答案分成四组：低年级和高年级的两门课程、评估类型、性别（男或女）以及学历周期（本科或研究生）。除此之外我们还对每项评估员最终打分的最优权重进行了分析，提出异体、相互和自我评估阶段的最佳值为50%、30%和20%。最后问卷结果还显示出不同分析群体的满意度都很高，这也一定程度上反映了学生的成熟度

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

The Research Journey as a Challenge Towards New Trends

The academic community of the department of Risaralda, in its permanent interest in evidencing the results of the research processes that are carried out from the Higher Education Institutions and as a product of the VI meeting of researchers of the department of Risaralda held in November 2021 presents its work: “The journey of research as a challenge towards new trends”, which reflects the result of the latest research and advances in different lines of knowledge in Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Technology and Information Sciences, which seek to solve and meet the demands of the different sectors. This work would not have been possible without the help of each of the teachers, researchers and authors who presented their articles that make up each of the chapters of the book, to them our gratitude for their commitment, dedication and commitment, since their sole purpose is to contribute from the academy and science to scientific and technological development in the search for the solution of problems and thus contribute to transform the reality of our society and communities. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the institutions of the Network that made this publication possible: UTP, UCP, UNAD, UNIREMINGTON; UNISARC, CIAF, Universidad Libre, Uniclaretiana, Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar and UNIMINUTO, institutions that in one way or another allowed this work to become a reality, which we hope will be of interest to you.Preface............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1. Technologies and Engineering Towards a humanization in Engineering using soft skills in training in Engineers.............................................................................................................11 Omar Iván Trejos Buriticá1, Luis Eduardo Muñoz Guerrero Innovative materials in construction: review from a bibliometric analysis....................................................................................................................27 Cristian Osorio Gómez, Daniel Aristizábal Torres, Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Cristhian Camilo Amariles López Bibliometric review of disaster risk management: progress, trends, and challenges.........................................................................................................51 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Gloria Milena Molina Vinasco. Incidence of land coverage and geology, in the unstability of lands of the micro-basin of the Combia creek, Pereira, Risaralda....................................73 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Daniel Aristizábal Torres. Chapter 2. Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Training experience with teachers teaching mathematics using the inquiry methodology ...............................................................................................95 Vivian Libeth Uzuriaga López, Héctor Gerardo Sánchez Bedoya. Interpretation of the multiple representations of the fears associated to the boarding of limited visual patients in the elective I students’ written productions and low vision ...................................................................................113 Eliana Bermúdez Cardona, Ana María Agudelo Guevara, Caterine Villamarín Acosta. The relevance of local knowledge in social sciences............................................131 Alberto Antonio Berón Ospina, Isabel Cristina Castillo Quintero. Basic education students’ conceptions of conflict a view from the peace for the education....................................................................................................143 Astrid Milena Calderón Cárdenas,Carolina Aguirre Arias, Carolina Franco Ossa, Martha Cecilia Gutiérrez Giraldo, Orfa Buitrago. Comprehensive risk prevention in educational settings: an interdisciplinary and socio-educational approach ............................................................................163 Olga María Henao Trujillo, Claudia María López Ortiz. Chapter 3. Natural and Agricultural Sciences Physicochemical characterization of three substrates used in the deep bedding system in swine .......................................................................................175 Juan Manuel Sánchez Rubio, Andrés Felipe Arias Roldan, Jesús Arturo Rincón Sanz, Jaime Andrés Betancourt Vásquez. Periodic solutions in AFM models........................................................................187 Daniel Cortés Zapata, Alexander Gutiérrez Gutiérrez. Phenology in flower and fruit of Rubus glaucus benth. Cv. Thornless in Risaralda: elements for phytosanitary management .........................................199 Shirley Palacios Castro, Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, James Montoya Lerma, Ricardo Flórez, Harry Josué Pérez. Socio-economic and technical characterization of the cultivation of avocado (Persea americana) in Risaralda..............................................................217 Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, Kelly Saudith Castañez Poveda, Eliana Gómez Correa. Biosecurity management in backyard systems in Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda................................................................................................................227 Julia Victoria Arredondo Botero, Jaiver Estiben Ocampo Jaramillo, Juan Sebastián Mera Vallejo, Álvaro de Jesús Aranzazu Hernández. CONTENTS Physical-chemical diagnosis of soils in hillside areas with predominance of Lulo CV. La Selva production system in the department of Risaralda.............241 Adriana Patricia Restrepo Gallón, María Paula Landinez Montes, Jimena Tobón López. Digestibility of three concentrates used in canine feeding....................................271 María Fernanda Mejía Silva, Valentina Noreña Sánchez, Gastón Adolfo Castaño Jiménez. Chapter 4. Economic, Administrative, and Accounting Sciences Financial inclusion in households from socioeconomic strata 1 and 2 in the city of Pereira ..................................................................................................285 Lindy Neth Perea Mosquera, Marlen Isabel Redondo Ramírez, Angélica Viviana Morales. Internal marketing strategies as a competitive advantage for the company Mobilautos SAS de Dosquebradas........................................................................303 Inés Montoya Sánchez, Sandra Patricia Viana Bolaños, Ana María Barrera Rodríguez. Uses of tourist marketing in the tourist sector of the municipality of Belén de Umbría, Risaralda.............................................................................................319 Ana María Barrera Rodríguez, Paola Andrea Echeverri Gutiérrez, María Camila Parra Buitrago, Paola Andrea Martín Muñoz, Angy Paola Ángel Vélez, Luisa Natalia Trejos Ospina. Territorial prospective of Risaralda department (Colombia), based on the SDGS...............................................................................................................333 Juan Guillermo Gil García, Samanta Londoño Velásquez. Chapter 5. Health and Sports Sciences Performance evaluation in times of pandemic. What do medical students think?.......................................................................................................353 Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao, Rodolfo A. Cabrales Vega, Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez. The relevance of the therapist’s self and self-reference in the training of psychologists.....................................................................................................371 Maria Paula Marmolejo Lozano, Mireya Ospina Botero. Habits related to oral health which influence lifestyle of elder people in a wellness center for the elderly in Pereira 2020. .............................................387 Isadora Blanco Pérez, Olga Patricia Ramírez Rodríguez, Ángela María Rincón Hurtado. Analysis of the suicide trend in the Coffee Region in Colombia during the years 2012-2018 ..............................................................................................405 Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez, Jennifer Nessim Salazar, Jairo Franco Londoño, Juan Carlos Medina Osorio. Hind limb long bone fractures in canines and felines...........................................419 María Camila Cruz Vélez, Valentina Herrera Morales, Alba Nydia Restrepo Jiménez, Lina Marcela Palomino, Gabriel Rodolfo Izquierdo Bravo. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in the rural and urban area of Risaralda....................................................................................................439 Angela María Álvarez López, Angela Liceth Pérez Rendón, Alejandro Gómez Rodas, Luis Enrique Isaza Velásquez. Chapter 6. Architecture, Design and Advertising The artisan crafts of Risaralda, characteristics, importance, and risks within the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape, CCCL....................................457 Yaffa Nahir Ivette Gómez Barrera, Javier Alfonso López Morales

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution