Glomerular Basement Membrane Selective Permeability in Short-term Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

In diabetes, the glomerular basement membrane undergoes thickening and structural alterations with loss of glomerular permselectivity properties. However, the onset of the alterations at early phases of diabetes is unclear. Aiming to determine the functional and structural alterations of the glomerular wall in the early stages of diabetes, we have studied the distribution of endogenous circulating albumin and type IV collagen in the glomerular basement membrane, using the immunocytochemical approach. The streptozotocin-injected hyperglycemic rat was our animal model. Renal tissues were examined after 10 days, 2, 4 and 6 months of hyperglycemia. Upon immunogold labelings, changes in the glomerular permeability to endogenous albumin were found altered as early as upon ten days of hyperglycemia. In contrast, no structural modifications were detected at this time point. Indeed, glomerular basement membrane thickening and an altered type IV collagen labeling distribution were only observed after four months of hyperglycemia, suggesting that functional alterations take place early in diabetes prior to any structural modification. In order to evaluate the reversibility of the glomerular alterations, two-month-old diabetic animals were treated with insulin. These animals showed a significant restoring of their glomerular permselectivity. Our results suggest a link between glycemic levels and alteration of glomerular permeability in early stages of diabetes, probably through high levels of glycated serum proteins

Comparative study of the primary cilia in thyrocytes of adult mammals

Since their discovery in different human tissues by Zimmermann in 1898, primary cilia have been found in the vast majority of cell types in vertebrates. Primary cilia are considered to be cellular antennae that occupy an ideal cellular location for the interpretation of information both from the environment and from other cells. To date, in mammalian thyroid gland, primary cilia have been found in the thyrocytes of humans and dogs (fetuses and adults) and in rat embryos. The present study investigated whether the existence of this organelle in follicular cells is a general event in the postnatal thyroid gland of different mammals, using both immunolabeling by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Furthermore, we aimed to analyse the presence of primary cilia in various thyroid cell lines. According to our results, primary cilia are present in the adult thyroid gland of most mammal species we studied (human, pig, guinea pig and rabbit), usually as a single copy per follicular cell. Strikingly, they were not found in rat or mouse thyroid tissues. Similarly, cilia were also observed in all human thyroid cell lines tested, both normal and neoplastic follicular cells, but not in cultured thyrocytes of rat origin. We hypothesize that primary cilia could be involved in the regulation of normal thyroid function through specific signaling pathways. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to shed light on the permanence of these organelles in the thyroid gland of most species during postnatal life.Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa CTS-439/2011Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa CTS-229/2011Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Salud PI-0051-201

Las unidades del discurso oral. La propuesta Val.Es.Co. de segmentación de la conversación (coloquial)

El presente artículo resume y examina críticamente la propuesta de segmentación del discurso realizada en Briz y Grupo Val.Es.Co (2003). El modelo Val.Es.Co. consta de ocho unidades (discurso, diálogo, intercambio/ alternancia de turnos, intervención/turno, acto y subacto), tres órdenes (social, estructural e informativo) y cuatro posiciones (inicial, media, final e independiente); se caracteriza, además, por ser jerárquico y recursivo. La aplicación del modelo Val.Es.Co. permite la segmentación de una conversación coloquial sin residuos, así como un adecuado tratamiento de diversos fenómenos conversacionales (actos truncados, solapamientos, elementos suprasegmentales o marcadores discursivos)This paper summarizes and critically reviews the model of discourse segmentation made by Briz and Grupo Val.Es.Co (2003). This model is made up of eight units (discourse, dialogue, exchange/ turn taking, intervention/turn, act and subact), three orders (social, structural and informative) and four positions (initial, medial, final and independent). The Val.Es.Co model is also hyerarchical and recursive. By applying the Val.Es.Co model, a conversation can be divided into parts and subparts without any element remaining unanalyzed. Also, some specific features occurring in conversations such as false starts, overlappings, the segmentation value of prosodic features or discourse markers, can be successfully analyze

Módulos MMIC multifunción para aplicaciones espaciales

This paper presents the design of multifunction monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) to be used in transmit/receive modules for onboard satellite applications. Two chips have been developed: one for frequency generation including a negatron VCO, a frequency tripler and a digital frequency divider, and a second for signal amplification and conversion including AGC amplifiers and mixers. The goal of the work is to reduce the number and size (and consequently the cost) of the circuitry actually in use, without sacrificing system performance, through the use of a mature GaAs PHEMT technology. Issues such as suitable circuit topologies, dc power consumption, circuit area minimization and optimization are all important factors addressed during the project

Ask yeast how to burn your fats: lessons learned from the metabolic adaptation to salt stress

[EN] Here, we review and update the recent advances in the metabolic control during the adaptive response of budding yeast to hyperosmotic and salt stress, which is one of the best understood signaling events at the molecular level. This environmental stress can be easily applied and hence has been exploited in the past to generate an impressively detailed and comprehensive model of cellular adaptation. It is clear now that this stress modulates a great number of different physiological functions of the cell, which altogether contribute to cellular survival and adaptation. Primary defense mechanisms are the massive induction of stress tolerance genes in the nucleus, the activation of cation transport at the plasma membrane, or the production and intracellular accumulation of osmolytes. At the same time and in a coordinated manner, the cell shuts down the expression of housekeeping genes, delays the progression of the cell cycle, inhibits genomic replication, and modulates translation efficiency to optimize the response and to avoid cellular damage. To this fascinating interplay of cellular functions directly regulated by the stress, we have to add yet another layer of control, which is physiologically relevant for stress tolerance. Salt stress induces an immediate metabolic readjustment, which includes the up-regulation of peroxisomal biomass and activity in a coordinated manner with the reinforcement of mitochondrial respiratory metabolism. Our recent findings are consistent with a model, where salt stress triggers a metabolic shift from fermentation to respiration fueled by the enhanced peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids. We discuss here the regulatory details of this stress-induced metabolic shift and its possible roles in the context of the previously known adaptive functions.The work of the authors was supported by grants from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BFU2011- 23326 and BFU2016-75792-R).Pascual-Ahuir Giner, MD.; Manzanares-Estreder, S.; Timón Gómez, A.; Proft ., MH. (2017). Ask yeast how to burn your fats: lessons learned from the metabolic adaptation to salt stress. Current Genetics. 64(1):63-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-017-0724-5S6369641Aguilera J, Prieto JA (2001) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldose reductase is implied in the metabolism of methylglyoxal in response to stress conditions. Curr Genet 39:273–283Albertyn J, Hohmann S, Thevelein JM, Prior BA (1994) GPD1, which encodes glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is essential for growth under osmotic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its expression is regulated by the high-osmolarity glycerol response pathway. 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RNA 15:600–614Nadal-Ribelles M, Conde N, Flores O, Gonzalez-Vallinas J, Eyras E, Orozco M, de Nadal E, Posas F (2012) Hog1 bypasses stress-mediated down-regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II redistribution and chromatin remodeling. Genome Biol 13:R106Pastor MM, Proft M, Pascual-Ahuir A (2009) Mitochondrial function is an inducible determinant of osmotic stress adaptation in yeast. J Biol Chem 284:30307–30317Petelenz-Kurdziel E, Kuehn C, Nordlander B, Klein D, Hong KK, Jacobson T, Dahl P, Schaber J, Nielsen J, Hohmann S, Klipp E (2013) Quantitative analysis of glycerol accumulation, glycolysis and growth under hyper osmotic stress. PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1003084Posas F, Chambers JR, Heyman JA, Hoeffler JP, de Nadal E, Arino J (2000) The transcriptional response of yeast to saline stress. J Biol Chem 275:17249–17255Proft M, Struhl K (2002) Hog1 kinase converts the Sko1-Cyc8-Tup1 repressor complex into an activator that recruits SAGA and SWI/SNF in response to osmotic stress. Mol Cell 9:1307–1317Proft M, Struhl K (2004) MAP kinase-mediated stress relief that precedes and regulates the timing of transcriptional induction. Cell 118:351–361Proft M, Pascual-Ahuir A, de Nadal E, Arino J, Serrano R, Posas F (2001) Regulation of the Sko1 transcriptional repressor by the Hog1 MAP kinase in response to osmotic stress. EMBO J 20:1123–1133Proft M, Mas G, de Nadal E, Vendrell A, Noriega N, Struhl K, Posas F (2006) The stress-activated Hog1 kinase is a selective transcriptional elongation factor for genes responding to osmotic stress. Mol Cell 23:241–250Ratnakumar S, Young ET (2010) Snf1 dependence of peroxisomal gene expression is mediated by Adr1. J Biol Chem 285:10703–10714Regot S, de Nadal E, Rodriguez-Navarro S, Gonzalez-Novo A, Perez-Fernandez J, Gadal O, Seisenbacher G, Ammerer G, Posas F (2013) The Hog1 stress-activated protein kinase targets nucleoporins to control mRNA export upon stress. 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RNA 15:1110–1120Roy A, Hashmi S, Li Z, Dement AD, Cho KH, Kim JH (2016) The glucose metabolite methylglyoxal inhibits expression of the glucose transporter genes by inactivating the cell surface glucose sensors Rgt2 and Snf3 in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 27:862–871Ruiz-Roig C, Noriega N, Duch A, Posas F, de Nadal E (2012) The Hog1 SAPK controls the Rtg1/Rtg3 transcriptional complex activity by multiple regulatory mechanisms. Mol Biol Cell 23:4286–4296Saito H, Posas F (2012) Response to hyperosmotic stress. Genetics 192:289–318Sekito T, Thornton J, Butow RA (2000) Mitochondria-to-nuclear signaling is regulated by the subcellular localization of the transcription factors Rtg1p and Rtg3p. Mol Biol Cell 11:2103–2115Silva RD, Sotoca R, Johansson B, Ludovico P, Sansonetty F, Silva MT, Peinado JM, Corte-Real M (2005) Hyperosmotic stress induces metacaspase- and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 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Differential regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier genes modulates respiratory capacity and stress tolerance in yeast

Mpc proteins are highly conserved from yeast to humans and are necessary for the uptake of pyruvate at the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is used for leucine and valine biosynthesis and as a fuel for respiration. Our analysis of the yeast MPC gene family suggests that amino acid biosynthesis, respiration rate and oxidative stress tolerance are regulated by changes in the Mpc protein composition of the mitochondria. Mpc2 and Mpc3 are highly similar but functionally different: Mpc2 is most abundant under fermentative non stress conditions and important for amino acid biosynthesis, while Mpc3 is the most abundant family member upon salt stress or when high respiration rates are required. Accordingly, expression of the MPC3 gene is highly activated upon NaCl stress or during the transition from fermentation to respiration, both types of regulation depend on the Hog1 MAP kinase. Overexpression experiments show that gain of Mpc2 function leads to a severe respiration defect and ROS accumulation, while Mpc3 stimulates respiration and enhances tolerance to oxidative stress. Our results identify the regulated mitochondrial pyruvate uptake as an important determinant of respiration rate and stress resistance.This work was supported by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad grant BFU2011-23326 to M.P.; A.T.-G. was supported by a JAE predoctoral grant from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Timón Gómez, A.; Proft ., MH.; Pascual-Ahuir Giner, MD. (2013). Differential regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier genes modulates respiratory capacity and stress tolerance in yeast. PLoS ONE. 8(11):1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079405S19811Murphy, M. P. (2008). How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. 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Correction : Chaparro et al. Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain: Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2885

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain : Large-Scale Epidemiological Study

(1) Aims: To assess the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain, to describe the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics at diagnosis and the evolution of the disease, and to explore the use of drug treatments. (2) Methods: Prospective, population-based nationwide registry. Adult patients diagnosed with IBD-Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) or IBD unclassified (IBD-U)-during 2017 in Spain were included and were followed-up for 1 year. (3) Results: We identified 3611 incident cases of IBD diagnosed during 2017 in 108 hospitals covering over 22 million inhabitants. The overall incidence (cases/100,000 person-years) was 16 for IBD, 7.5 for CD, 8 for UC, and 0.5 for IBD-U; 53% of patients were male and median age was 43 years (interquartile range = 31-56 years). During a median 12-month follow-up, 34% of patients were treated with systemic steroids, 25% with immunomodulators, 15% with biologics and 5.6% underwent surgery. The percentage of patients under these treatments was significantly higher in CD than UC and IBD-U. Use of systemic steroids and biologics was significantly higher in hospitals with high resources. In total, 28% of patients were hospitalized (35% CD and 22% UC patients, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: The incidence of IBD in Spain is rather high and similar to that reported in Northern Europe. IBD patients require substantial therapeutic resources, which are greater in CD and in hospitals with high resources, and much higher than previously reported. One third of patients are hospitalized in the first year after diagnosis and a relevant proportion undergo surgery

Caracterización de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en el sector productivo de la región fronteriza colombo venezolana

En el libro se presenta la recopilación de proyectos de Investigación e Innovación tecnológica como resultado del desarrollo de actividades investigativas, donde se involucran grupos de investigación y semilleros, instructores investigadores, docentes universitarios, administrativos, aprendices, estudiantes universitarios y empresarios del ámbito regional, nacional e internacional, quienes motivados por su espíritu emprendedor e innovador le apostaron a involucrarse en proyectos desde las áreas de automatización, electrónica y telecomunicaciones, gestión de hábitat , Diseño e implementación de soluciones en TIC, Gestión del negocio emprendimiento y empresarismo, innovación educativa y diseño de vestuario.The book presents the compilation of Research and Technological Innovation projects as a result of the development of research activities, where research groups and seedbeds, research instructors, university teachers, administrative staff, apprentices, university students and entrepreneurs from the regional, national level are involved. and international, who, motivated by his entrepreneurial and innovative spirit, bet him to get involved in projects from the areas of automation, electronics and telecommunications, habitat management, Design and implementation of ICT solutions, Business management, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship, educational innovation and design. wardrobe.Caracterización de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en el sector productivo de la región fronteriza colombo venezolana -- Modelo de un sistema hidráulico controlado por redes neuronales – Sistema de gestión y monitoreo de consumo de servicios domiciliarios fomentando la “sostenibilidad inductiva” -- Cálculo de los parámetros hidráulicos y mecánicos de un prototipo robótico para la fumigación de cultivos de media y baja altura -- Manipulador robótico en el sistema integrado por computadora plataforma Cim-C -- Planificación multinivel y conflictos generados por la transformación de los espacios agrarios en el sector periurbano fronterizo de los trapiches, villa del rosario. -- Herramienta tecnológica para la vinculación del aprendiz sena del programa de articulación media con el sector productivo de la ciudad de bucaramanga -- Global kids máquina de intercambio financiero Global Kids financial Exchange machine – Desarrollo de aplicación móvil para la enseñanza e instrucción del área de documentación y gestión administrativa -- Diseño de una aplicación informática on-line para optimizar la gestión de los procesos, tramites e informes de los materiales de formación del sena centro cies regional norte de santander -- creación sala hub de consultoría estratégica mipymes norte de santander -- Diseño recorrido virtual de gestión documental Regional Norte de Santander: SENA -- Factores de riesgo provocadas por el incremento de estrés en las empresas industriales mexicanas -- Logística de la comercialización del plátano procedente de los municipios buenavista, córdoba y pijao -- Sistema de información móvil integrador de procesos formativos del sena con la comunidad educativa -- Sistematización de la información contable y financiera de los proyectos de aula en la media técnica -- BANKIDS juego didáctico y financiero -- Causas que originan la mala ortografía en los aprendices de la red de gestión administrativa y servicios financieros -- Informe sobre la deserción de aprendices de gestión administrativa y servicios financieros -- uso de las ntic desde el semillero de investigación e innovación virtual e-innovacmm centro metalmecánicona207 página