Acciones psicológicas para desarrollar las cualidades volitivas en las futbolistas de la categoría juvenil

The work with volitional qualities is currently prevailing for the soccer athlete due to its relevance in the acquisition of sports form. The nature of this work is to design psychological actions to develop volitional qualities, exploring the motivational sphere as an aspect of the will, evaluations were carried out to diagnose volitional-behavioral behavior and its consequences in the team, and from there to establish actions that favor its development.El trabajo con las cualidades volitivas en la actualidad es imperante para el deportista de futbol debido a su relevancia en la adquisición de la forma deportiva. La naturaleza de este trabajo es diseñar acciones psicológicas para desarrollar las cualidades volitivas explorando la esfera motivacional como aspecto de la voluntad, se realizaron evaluaciones para diagnosticar el comportamiento volitivo conductual y sus consecuencias en el equipo, y a partir de ello establecer acciones que favorezcan su desarrollo

Detection and Genetic Diversity of Porcine Coronavirus Involved in Diarrhea Outbreaks in Spain

[EN]Porcine enteric coronaviruses include some of the most relevant viral pathogens to the swine industry such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) or porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as well as several recently identified virus such as swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) or swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV). The aim of this study is the identification and characterization of enteric coronaviruses on Spanish pig farms between 2017 and 2019. The study was carried out on 106 swine farms with diarrhea outbreaks where a viral etiology was suspected by using two duplex RT-PCRs developed for the detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses. PEDV was the only coronavirus detected in our research (38.7% positive outbreaks, 41 out of 106) and neither TGEV, SeCoV, PDCoV nor SeACoV were detected in any of the samples. The complete S-gene of all the PEDV isolates recovered were obtained and compared to PEDV and SeCoV sequences available in GenBank. The phylogenetic tree showed that only PEDV of the INDEL 2 or G1b genogroup has circulated in Spain between 2017 and 2019. Three different variants were detected, the recombinant PEDV-SeCoV being the most widespread. These results show that PEDV is a relevant cause of enteric disorders in pigs in Spain while new emerging coronavirus have not been detected so far. However, the monitoring of these virus is advisable to curtail their emergence and spread.SIThis work was supported by the program from the National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA project E-RTA2015-0003-C02-02) of Spanish Government. HP, ÓM-A, and HA were supported by Spanish Government (FPU17/00466, FPU16/03485, and BEAGAL-18-106, respectively) and MG-G by Junta de Castilla y León (LE131-18)

Combined in-vitro and on-farm evaluation of commercial disinfectants used against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

[EN] Background: Swine dysentery (SD) is a severe infectious disease with a relevant impact on pig production usually caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, although B. hampsonii causes an identical clinical picture. SD control relies on antimicrobials, good management practices and strict biosecurity with cleaning and disinfection as crucial tools to avoid the pathogen transmission. This study evaluates the in-vitro efficacy of an array of commercial disinfectants against a collection of B. hyodysenteriae isolates using broth tests. The efficacy of cleaning and disinfection protocols was also evaluated on two farms with endemic SD using surface swabs collected in emptied pens before and after cleaning and disinfection procedures, using both real-time PCR and bacterial microbiological culture. Results: Most of the commercial disinfectants evaluated were effective against all B. hyodysenteriae isolates tested, with a reduction of more than 5.00 log10 CFU/mL (bactericidal efficacy of 99.999%). However, some isolates exhibited reduced susceptibility to Virkon-S and Limoseptic disinfectants. The evaluation of cleaning and disinfection protocols on farms with SD outbreaks showed that approximately half the pens tested (n = 25) were positive by real-time PCR after pigs removal (mean B. hyodysenteriae counts 5.72 ± 1.04 log10 CFU/mL) while almost 20% of the pens remained positive after cleaning (n = 7) and disinfection (n = 5) procedures although with significantly lower, mean estimates (4.31 ± 0.43 log10 CFU/mL and 4.01 ± 0.55 log10 CFU/mL, respectively). Conclusions: These results show the efficacy of disinfectants against B. hyodysenteriae but also stress the need to implement adequately the cleaning and disinfection protocols on pig farms and review and revise their efficiency periodically.SIThis study was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-110662RB-I00) and the Castilla y León Rural Development Pro‑ gramme co-fnanced by EAFRD (47/18/125/G0

In vitro evaluation of gentamicin activity against Spanish field isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

[EN]Background: The treatment of swine dysentery (SD) has become constrained in recent years due to the limited availability of effective drugs combined with a rise in antimicrobial resistance. Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is authorised for the control of this disease in several European countries but has not been extensively used so far. In this study, the in vitro susceptibility of 56 Brachyspira hyodysenteriae field isolates was evaluated against gentamicin using a broth microdilution test. The molecular basis of decreased susceptibility to gentamicin was also investigated by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic relatedness by multiple-locus variable number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). Results: Most B. hyodysenteriae isolates presented low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to gentamicin, with a mode of 2 µg/mL, a median or MIC50 of 4 µg/mL and percentile 90 or MIC90 of 16 µg/mL. The distribution of these values over the period studied (2011–2019) did not show a tendency towards the development of resistance to gentamicin. Differences in susceptibility among isolates could be explained by two point-mutations in the 16S rRNA gene, C990T and A1185G, which were only present in isolates with high MICs. These isolates were typed in three different MLVA clusters. Analyses of co-resistance between gentamicin and antimicrobials commonly used for the treatment of SD revealed that resistance to tiamulin and valnemulin was associated with low MICs for gentamicin. Conclusions: The results provide an accurate characterisation of antimicrobial sensitivity to gentamicin and possible mechanisms of resistance in Spanish B. hyodysenteriae isolates. These findings allow us to propose gentamicin as an alternative in the antibiotic management of SD, particularly in outbreaks caused by pleuromutilin resistant isolates.SIThe authors wish to thank Benjamín Rabanal for his contribution in some parts of the research and Diana Molina for her excellent technical assistance. Clara Vega (workplace ULE-02-B) and Manuel Gómez (LE131-18) are supported by grants from Junta de Castilla y León co-financed by the European Social Fund and Youth Employment Initiative. Héctor Argüello is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education under the programme “Beatriz Galindo” (BEAGAL-18-106). Lucía Pérez-Pérez (PRE2020-093762) and Héctor Puente (FPU17/00466) are also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education. We fnally want to thank the reviewer for the advice and ideas provided which clearly improved the quality of the manuscript.This work was supported by Fatro Ibérica S.L

In-depth in vitro Evaluation of the Activity and Mechanisms of Action of Organic Acids and Essential Oils Against Swine Enteropathogenic Bacteria

P. 1-13Alternative antimicrobials require a deep understanding of their action mechanisms by in vitro assays which support science-based field use. This study focuses on the characterization of bactericidal mechanisms of potential antimicrobial compounds, two organic acids and three single essential oil (EO) compounds against swine enteropathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Clostridium perfringens. Target concentrations of the compounds were evaluated using the inhibitory potential of the vapor phase and bacterial viability after short-term exposure, while cell targets were disclosed using flow cytometry (FC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All tested compounds exhibited vapor phase activity against the three bacterial species, except sodium salt of coconut fatty acid distillates against C. perfringens. Survival test results evidenced that effects on bacterial viability were concentration dependent and higher in single EO compounds than in organic acids. In detail, thymol and its isomer carvacrol were the most effective compounds. Further characterization of thymol and cinnamaldehyde activity revealed that thymol main target was the cell membrane, since it caused striking damages in the membrane permeability, integrity and composition evidenced by FC and FTIR in the three enteric pathogens. In contrast, cinnamaldehyde was more effective against enterobacteria than against C. perfringens and only caused slightly damages at the highest concentration tested. Its target at the molecular level differed between enterobacteria and C. perfringens isolates. The SEM micrographs allowed us to confirm the results previously obtained for both EO compounds by other techniques. Altogether, the study showed the straight effect of these antimicrobials, which could constitute relevant information to optimize their feed inclusion rates in field studies or field use.S

La formación transversal y emocional del profesorado en formación online

La educación a distancia ha experimentado un crecimiento exponencial en los últimos años, y cada vez más profesionales de la educación optan por la formación en entornos virtuales. Sin embargo, este cambio hacia la formación online plantea nuevos desafíos para el profesorado en formación, quienes deben adquirir competencias específicas para impartir clases en un entorno presencial. En este contexto, se ha evidenciado la necesidad de dotar a los futuros docentes de conocimientos, herramientas y estrategias para el desarrollo de su labor desde un punto de vista crítico y teniendo en cuenta los aspectos afectivos, con el objetivo de mejorar su rendimiento profesional y académico. En este contexto, la formación transversal y emocional cobran una gran relevancia para el correcto desarrollo profesional de los futuros docentes. En este trabajo se presentan tres proyectos de innovación que se han implementado en tres cursos académicos consecutivos, transversales y longitudinales 1 , enfocados en potenciar las competencias pedagógicas y emocionales de 365 docentes en formación, desde una perspectiva reflexiva. Los resultados advierten la percepción generalizada por parte del alumnado de que existen nuevas necesidades formativas tanto teóricas como prácticas y que, tras la participación en los proyectos de investigación, mejoran sus competencias docentes y emocionales.2022-2

Sex-Specific Regulation of miR-29b in the Myocardium Under Pressure Overload is Associated with Differential Molecular, Structural and Functional Remodeling Patterns in Mice and Patients with Aortic Stenosis

Pressure overload in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) induces an adverse remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) in a sex-specific manner. We assessed whether a sex-specific miR-29b dysregulation underlies this sex-biased remodeling pattern, as has been described in liver fibrosis. We studied mice with transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and patients with AS. miR-29b was determined in the LV (mice, patients) and plasma (patients). Expression of remodeling-related markers and histological fibrosis were determined in mouse LV. Echocardiographic morpho-functional parameters were evaluated at baseline and post-TAC in mice, and preoperatively and 1 year after aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with AS. In mice, miR-29b LV regulation was opposite in TAC-males (down-regulation) and TAC-females (up-regulation). The subsequent changes in miR-29b targets (collagens and GSK-3?) revealed a remodeling pattern that was more fibrotic in males but more hypertrophic in females. Both systolic and diastolic cardiac functions deteriorated more in TAC-females, thus suggesting a detrimental role of miR-29b in females, but was protective in the LV under pressure overload in males. Clinically, miR-29b in controls and patients with AS reproduced most of the sexually dimorphic features observed in mice. In women with AS, the preoperative plasma expression of miR-29b paralleled the severity of hypertrophy and was a significant negative predictor of reverse remodeling after AVR; therefore, it may have potential value as a prognostic biomarker

Uso del Captopril como fármaco alternativo en el tratamiento del edema agudo del pulmón hipertensivo / Use of Captopril as an alternative drug in the treatment of acute hypertensive pulmonary edema

Fundamento: La insuficiencia cardiaca aguda es un cuadro clínico de rápida aparición. Los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina se utilizan en la variante crónica del tratamiento de esta entidad pero su uso en el edema agudo del pulmón hipertensivo ha sido controversial.Objetivos: evaluar la eficacia del uso del Captopril como fármaco alternativo en la primera línea de tratamiento de pacientes con edema pulmonar hipertensivo.Método: Se realizó un analítico longitudinal retrospectivo, con los pacientes atendidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes por edema pulmonar agudo hipertensivo del Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, de febrero hasta septiembre de 2019. El universo de 36 pacientes que fueron divididos en 2 grupos de 18 individuos según el uso o no del fármaco en estudio. Todos los pacientes recibieron el mismo tratamiento protocolizado para esta enfermedad pero además en un grupo se administró Captopril 50 mg triturados por vía sublingual luego de la primera dosis de nitroglicerina sublingual y en el otro grupo no. Resultados: las variables poblacionales fueron edad 72±12 años, 32 % mujeres, el 13 % obesos y el 38 % diabéticos, 22% eran cardiópatas, el 77% consumían nitratos, el 47% beta bloqueadores, el 55% IECAs, el 5% digital y el 41% diuréticos. Presión arterial media (Grupo 2=117) y (Grupo 1=102) x2=0,000 donde se administró Captopril existió una diferencia con significación estadística; mayor ritmo diurético en ese mismo grupo (Grupo 2=28 min) y (Grupo 1=16) x2=0,000. La frecuencia cardiaca fue menor en (Grupo 2=106 Lat/min) y (Grupo 1=97 Lat/min) x2=0,002.Conclusiones: el uso del Captopril pudiera ser una opción válida como coadyuvante en el tratamiento del paciente con edema agudo del pulmón hipertensivo si se tiene en cuenta que mejora los parámetros hemodinámicos y reduce el tiempo de estadía en la Unidad de cuidados Intensivos y Emergencias en comparación al tratamiento habitual.Palabras claves: edema agudo del pulmón, Captopril, tratamiento, hemodinámica.AbstractBackground: Acute heart failure is a fast-onset clinical picture. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are used in the chronic variant of the treatment of this entity, but their use in acute hypertensive lung edema has been controversial.Objectives: to evaluate the efficacy of the use of Captopril as an alternative drug in the first line of treatment of patients with hypertensive pulmonary edema.Method: A retrospective study was carried out with the patients treated in the Emerging Intensive Care Unit for acute hypertensive pulmonary edema of the Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital, from February to September 2019. The universe of 36 patients who were divided in 2 groups of 18 individuals. Both received the protocolized treatment for this disease but in addition one group was administered Captopril 50 mg crushed sublingually after the first sublingual nitroglycerin and before the second dose, and the other group did not.Results: the population variables were age 72 ± 12 years, 32% women, 13% obese and 38% diabetic, 22% were heart disease, 77% consumed nitrates, 47% beta-blockers, 55% ACE inhibitors, 5 % digital and 41% diuretics. Mean arterial pressure (Group 2 = 117) and (Group 1 = 102) x2 = 0,000 where Captopril was administered, there was a difference with statistical significance; higher diuretic rhythm in the same group (Group 2 = 28 min) and (Group 1 = 16) x2 = 0,000. Heart rate was lower in group 2 (Group 2 = 106 beats / min) and (Group 1 = 97 beats / min) x2 = 0,002.Conclusions: the use of Captopril could be a valid option as an adjunct in the treatment of patients with acute edema of the hypertensive lung if it is taken into account that it improves hemodynamic parameters and reduces the length of stay in the Intensive Care and Emergency Unit in comparison to the usual treatment.Key words: acute lung edema, Captopril, treatment, hemodynamics. Introducción: La insuficiencia cardiaca aguda es un cuadro clínico de rápida aparición. Los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina se utilizan en la variante crónica del tratamiento de esta entidad, pero su uso en el edema agudo del pulmón hipertensivo ha sido controversial.Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del uso del Captopril como fármaco alternativo en la primera línea de tratamiento de pacientes con edema pulmonar hipertensivo.Métodos: Se realizó un analítico longitudinal retrospectivo, con los pacientes atendidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes por edema pulmonar agudo hipertensivo del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay", de febrero hasta septiembre de 2019. El universo de 36 pacientes que fueron divididos en dos grupos de 18 individuos, de acuerdo al uso o no del fármaco en estudio. Todos los pacientes recibieron el mismo tratamiento protocolizado para esta enfermedad, pero además en un grupo se administró Captopril 50 mg triturados por vía sublingual luego de la primera dosis de nitroglicerina sublingual y en el otro grupo no.Resultados: Las variables poblacionales fueron edad 72 ± 12 años, 32 % mujeres, el 13 % obesos y el 38 % diabéticos, 22 % eran cardiópatas, el 77 % consumían nitratos, el 47 % beta bloqueadores, el 55 % de los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina, el 5 % digital y el 41 % diuréticos. Presión arterial media (Grupo 1= 117) y (Grupo 2= 102) x2=0,000 donde se administró Captopril existió una diferencia con significación estadística. Mayor ritmo diurético en ese mismo grupo (Grupo 1= 28 min) y (Grupo 2= 16) x2= 0,000. La frecuencia cardiaca fue menor en grupo 2 (Grupo 1=106 Lat/min) y (Grupo 2=97 Lat/min) x2=0,002.Conclusiones: El uso del Captopril pudiera ser una opción válida como coadyuvante en el tratamiento del paciente con edema agudo del pulmón hipertensivo si se tiene en cuenta que mejora los parámetros hemodinámicos y reduce el tiempo de estadía en la Unidad de cuidados Intensivos y Emergencias en comparación al tratamiento habitual

Antimicrobial use and production system shape the fecal, environmental, and slurry resistomes of pig farms

P. 1-17Background: The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a One Health problem impacted by antimicrobial use (AMU) for human and livestock applications. Extensive Iberian swine production is based on a more sustainable and eco-friendly management system, providing an excellent opportunity to evaluate how sustained differences in AMU impact the resistome, not only in the animals but also on the farm environment. Here, we evaluate the resistome footprint of an extensive pig farming system, maintained for decades, as compared to that of industrialized intensive pig farming by analyzing 105 fecal, environmental and slurry metagenomes from 38 farms. Results: Our results evidence a significantly higher abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) on intensive farms and a link between AMU and AMR to certain antimicrobial classes. We observed differences in the resistome across sample types, with a higher richness and dispersion of ARGs within environmental samples than on those from feces or slurry. Indeed, a deeper analysis revealed that differences among the three sample types were defined by taxa-ARGs associations. Interestingly, mobilome analyses revealed that the observed AMR differences between intensive and extensive farms could be linked to differences in the abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Thus, while there were no differences in the abundance of chromosomal-associated ARGs between intensive and extensive herds, a significantly higher abundance of integrons in the environment and plasmids, regardless of the sample type, was detected on intensive farms. Conclusions: Overall, this study shows how AMU, production system, and sample type influence, mainly through MGEs, the profile and dispersion of ARGs in pig production.S