Integrating e-commerce standards and initiatives in a multi-layered ontology

The proliferation of different standards and joint initiatives for the classification of products and services (UNSPSC, e-cl@ss, RosettaNet, NAICS, SCTG, etc.) reveals that B2B markets have not reached a consensus on the coding systems, on the level of detail of their descriptions, on their granularity, etc. This paper shows how these standards and initiatives, which are built to cover different needs and functionalities, can be integrated in an ontology using a common multi-layered knowledge architecture. This multi-layered ontology will provide a shared understanding of the domain for applications of e-commerce, allowing the information sharing between heterogeneous systems. We will present a method for designing ontologies from these information sources by automatically transforming, integrating and enriching the existing vocabularies with the WebODE platform. As an illustration, we show an example on the computer domain, presenting the relationships between UNSPSC, e-cl@ss, RosettaNet and an electronic catalogue from an e-commerce platform

Evaluating Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Capabilites of Ontology Specification Languages

The interchange of ontologies across the World Wide Web (WWW) and the cooperation among heterogeneous agents placed on it is the main reason for the development of a new set of ontology specification languages, based on new web standards such as XML or RDF. These languages (SHOE, XOL, RDF, OIL, etc) aim to represent the knowledge contained in an ontology in a simple and human-readable way, as well as allow for the interchange of ontologies across the web. In this paper, we establish a common framework to compare the expressiveness of "traditional" ontology languages (Ontolingua, OKBC, OCML, FLogic, LOOM) and "web-based" ontology languages. As a result of this study, we conclude that different needs in KR and reasoning may exist in the building of an ontology-based application, and these needs must be evaluated in order to choose the most suitable ontology language(s)

WebPicker: Knowledge Extraction from Web Resources

We show how information distributed in several web resources and represented in different restricted languages can be extracted from its original sources and transformed into a common knowledge model represented in XML using WebPicker. This information, which has been built to cover different needs and functionalities, can be later imported into WebODE, integrated, enriched and exported into different representation formats using WebODE specific modules. We show a case study in the e-commerce domain, using products and services standards from several organizations and/or joint initiatives of industrial and services companies, and a product catalogue from an e-commerce platform

Guidelines to Study Differences in Expressiveness between Ontology Specification Languages: A Case Of Study

We focus on our experiences on translating ontologies between two ontology languages, FLogic and Ontolingua, in the framework of Methontology and ODE. Rather than building "ad hoc" translators between languages or using KIF, our option consists of translating through ODE intermediate representations. So, we have built direct translators from ODE intermediate representations to Ontolingua and FLogic, and we have also built reverse translators from these two languages to ODE intermediate representations. Expressiveness of the target languages is the main feature to analyse when automatically generating ontologies from ODE intermediate representations. Therefore, we analyse the expressiveness of Ontolingua and FLogic for creating classes, instances, relations, functions and axioms, which are the essential components in ontologies. The motivation for this analysis can be found in the (KA)² initiative and can be easily extended to any other domains and languages

Fund Finder: A case study of database-to-ontology mapping

The mapping between databases and ontologies is a basic problem when trying to "upgrade" deep web content to the semantic web. Our approach suggests the declarative definition of mappings as a way to achieve domain independency and reusability. A specific language (expressive enough to cover some real world mapping situations like lightly structured databases or not 1st normal form ones) is defined for this purpose. Along with this mapping description language, the ODEMapster processor is in charge of carrying out the effective instance data migration. We illustrate this by testing both the mappings definition and processor on a case study

R2O, an extensible and semantically based database-to-ontology mapping language

We present R2O, an extensible and declarative language to describe mappings between relational DB schemas and ontologies implemented in RDF(S) or OWL. R2O provides an extensible set of primitives with welldefined semantics. This language has been conceived expressive enough to cope with complex mapping cases arisen from situations of low similarity between the ontology and the DB models

Migración, desastres naturales y cambio climático

El reciente terremoto en Haití, que causó una enorme tragedia humanitaria, ha conmovido la solidaridad mundial, con sus miles de muertos y sus cuantiosos daños materiales, ha puesto en evidencia, la relación entre migración y desastres naturales y, migración y cambio climático

La paz en las ciudades de Castilla (siglos XIV y XV)

En los siglos XIV y XV se produjo una lucha sin cuartel, aunque velada, entre los sujetos que tenían el control del mundo urbano. La realeza, los nobles y los religiosos, pero igualmente el común, deseaban imponer su propia definición de la paz y de la justicia, manipulando tales conceptos para conseguir sus objetivos. Ciertamente, con frecuencia se recurrió al diálogo, a la negociación y a los acuerdos, pero cuando la concordia no fue posible la fuerça se convertiría en el mecanismo de lucha inevitable. En el siguiente trabajo se analizan los medios con que contaban las oligarquías, los soberanos, el pueblo y los religiosos para hacer triunfar su noción sobre el paçífico estado de las urbes, y se hace hincapié en las incongruencias que planteaba cada grupo; unas incongruencias que iban a permitir que la opción más estructurada, la de la Corona, acabase triunfando en Castilla a finales del siglo XV.In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries there was a veiled though merciless struggle among the subjects who had control of the urban world. The royalty, the nobles and the clergy, but also the commons, wanted to impose their own definition of peace and justice, manipulating these concepts in order to achieve their own objectives. Indeed, they often resorted to dialogue, negotiation and agreements, but when harmony was not possible violence would be unavoidable. The following article discusses the means by which the oligarchies, the sovereign, the people and the clergy attempted to impose their notions about the peaceful condition of cities. It also emphasizes the inconsistencies that arose within each group. These inconsistencies would allow the most structured alternative -that represented by the Crown- to triumph in Castile at the end of the fifteenth century

Las modificaciones sustanciales de las condiciones de trabajo

Treball Final de Grau en Relacions Laborals i Recursos Humans. Codi: RL0947. Curs: 2017-201

Marginalidad, criminalización y justicia en Toledo. Siglos XIV-XV

Toledo, una ciudad laberíntica, de calles estrechas, empinadas y oscuras, en el siglo XV se convirtió en un escenario idóneo para la delincuencia. En tal situación, los regidores, llevados por el ansia de mantener el orden público, dispusieron toda clase de medidas, muchas de las cuales, aunque buscaban reprimir el delito, perseguían fines que iban más allá del resarcimiento de las víctimas del malhechor. A menudo la defensa de la paz pública se priorizó frente a la búsqueda objetiva de los culpables del delito, con el deseo de establecer una imagen poderosa de la justicia.Toledo, a labyrinth city of narrow streets, steep and dark, in the fi fteenth century became an ideal setting for crime. In such a situation, policy makers, driven by the hope to maintain public order, arranged all sorts of measures, many of which, though sought to repress the crime, intent at that went beyond the compensation of victims of criminal. Often the protection of the public peace is prioritized against an objective search for the perpetrators of crime, with the desire to establish a powerful image of justice