Energy-Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing based on Stochastic Programming in Dynamic Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks Normal

Nowadays, Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSN) arise as an emergent technology to deal with the spectrum scarcity issue and the focus is on devising novel energy-efficient solutions. In static CRSN, where nodes have spatial fixed positions, several reported solutions are implemented via sensor selection strategies to reduce consumed energy during cooperative spectrum sensing. However, energy-efficient solutions for dynamic CRSN, where nodes are able to change their spatial positions due to their movement, are nearly reported despite today's growing applications of mobile networks. This paper investigates a novel framework to optimally predict energy consumption in cooperative spectrum sensing tasks, considering node mobility patterns suitable to model dynamic CRSN. A solution based on the Kataoka criterion is presented, that allows to minimize the consumed energy. It accurately estimates -with a given probability-the spent energy on the network, then to derive an optimal energy-efficient solution. An algorithm of reduced-complexity is also implemented to determine the total number of active nodes improving the exhaustive search method. Proper performance of the proposed strategy is illustrated by extensive simulation results for pico-cells and femto-cells in dynamic scenarios.This work was supported in part by the DICYT Project, Direction of Research, Development and Innovation, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, under Grant 061813KC, in part by the CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2016-21160292, and in part by the Spanish National Project TERESA-ADA (MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE) under Grant TEC2017-90093-C3-2-R

An Update in Helminth Fauna and Other Equine Parasites in Cuba

Understanding of parasitic diseases begins by knowing the species of a population. Accordingly, information to identify the equine helminth faunas of Cuba was re-collected due to the gradual loss of data caused by deterioration of the printed scientific literature. These parasitic populations were first identified by Doctor Idelfonso Pérez Vigueras during the first half of the 21st Century. Further studies were conducted on horse populations in different provinces. Currently, 34 helminths have been properly reported, including nine benzimidazole-resistant species of cyathostomes in several herds. As a result of a large number of nematodes described in the international scientific literature, and due to the insufficient studies made in Cuba, the equine helminth faunas probably include a larger number of species. Hence, further comprehensive studies should be conducted on this topic.Understanding of parasitic diseases begins by knowing the species of a population. Accordingly, information to identify the equine helminth faunas of Cuba was re-collected due to the gradual loss of data caused by deterioration of the printed scientific literature. These parasitic populations were first identified by Doctor Idelfonso Pérez Vigueras during the first half of the 21st Century. Further studies were conducted on horse populations in different provinces. Currently, 34 helminths have been properly reported, including nine benzimidazole-resistant species of cyathostomes in several herds. As a result of a large number of nematodes described in the international scientific literature, and due to the insufficient studies made in Cuba, the equine helminth faunas probably include a larger number of species. Hence, further comprehensive studies should be conducted on this topic

La Transfusión y la Paciente Embarazada

La transfusión sanguínea es muy importante ya que puede salvar o mantener una vida, se considera un tratamiento transitorio no definitivo; hoy en día esta terapia es un recurso imprescindible, ya que el médico en algún momento tendrá la necesidad de recurrir a este, en caso de que algún paciente requiera algún componente sanguíneo. Durante el embarazo se presentan cambios fisiológicos a nivel cardiovascular caracterizándose por un estado de hiperdinamia con aumento de la velocidad de la Circulación sanguínea; disminución de la tensión arterial media, mayor en segundo trimestre y recuperándose al final del embarazo. Una de las complicaciones obstétricas más temidas y una de las primeras causas de mortalidad materna en el mundo, es la hemorragia post parto, la cual se define como la perdida hemática superior a 500 ml tras un parto vaginal a 1000 ml tras una cesárea, tras estas pérdidas son de vital importancia el monitoreo de hematocritos y hemoglobina por lo que uno de los tratamientos frente a esta emergencia son las transfusiones sanguíneas que reducen considerablemente la mortalidad de estas paciente

The Educational Inclusion of School Children with a Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Current Situation, Reflections and Challenges in Cuba

Educational inclusion requires the improvement of the work carried out by teachers, specialists and families in order to meet the needs of children, adolescents and young people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The comprehensive education given to these students with ASD based on the inclusive policies that are being developed is a great challenge, and when considering the high expectations of an educated population like Cuba’s. The purpose of this paper is to review the pedagogical work structured on a set of principles for ASD students. For this purpose, the application and continuous use of interaction techniques that are put into practice in daily life favor learning, socialization, adaptation of their behaviors, social interrelations, and knowledge of the environment of the children with ASD. The intensity and long duration of the interventions, the cooperative intervention, precocity, the ecological principle, priority to communication and socialization, the multisensory principle, and the use of alternative facilitating systems and individualization during intervention can become guidelines for the pedagogical work the ASD learners

Actualización sobre la helmintofauna y otros parásitos de los equinos en Cuba. Artículo de revisión

The understanding of parasitic diseases begins by knowing the species of a population. Accordingly, information to identify the equine helminth faunas of Cuba was re-collected due to the gradual loss of data caused by deterioration of the printed scientific literature. These parasitic populations were first identified by Doctor Idelfonso Pérez Vigueras during the first half of the 21st Century. Further studies were conducted on horse populations in different provinces. Currently, 34 helminths have been properly reported, including nine benzimidazole-resistant species of cyathostomes in several herds. As a result of a large number of nematodes described in the international scientific literature, and due to the insufficient studies made in Cuba, the equine helminth faunas probably include a larger number of species. Hence, further comprehensive studies should be conducted on this topic.La comprensión de las enfermedades parasitarias, comienza por el conocimiento de las especies presentes en una población. Debido a la pérdida paulatina por deterioro de las fuentes bibliográficas impresas, se procedió a recopilar información sobre la identificación de la helmintofauna equina de Cuba. Estas poblaciones de parásitos comenzaron a ser identificada por el doctor Idelfonso Pérez Vigueras a mediados de la primera mitad del siglo xx. Posteriormente otros trabajos fueron realizados en poblaciones de caballos en diferentes provincias. Hasta el momento un total de 34 helmintos se encuentran debidamente reportados. Entre los cuales nueve especies de ciatostomas resultaron resistentes a los benzimidazoles en varios rebaños del País. Como consecuencia del gran número de especies de nematodos descritos en los últimos años en la literatura internacional y lo poco estudiado del tema en Cuba, es muy probable que la helmintofauna equina en el país esté compuesta por un mayor número de especies. Por lo cual, se requiere realizar estudios más abarcadores del tema

Clinical presentation of acute coronary syndrome in patients previously treated with nitrates

Aims: Several reports have suggested that nitrates limit acute ischaemic damage by a mechanism similar to preconditioning. This study aims to evaluate the effect of chronic oral nitrates on the clinical presentation and short-term outcomes of patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients with ACS admitted to 62 acute care units from 2010 to 2011. A propensity score-matched samples analysis was performed.Results: We analysed 3171 consecutive patients, of whom 298 (9.4%) were chronically treated with nitrates. Patients previously treated with nitrates had higher comorbidity and disease severity at admission, lower prevalence of ACS with ST elevation, lower troponin elevation, higher prevalence of initial Killip class 2-4 and higher hospital mortality. The propensity score-matched analysis confirmed that previous use of nitrates is independently associated with a lower prevalence of ST-elevation ACS [odds ratio (OR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.78; P = 0.0014] and a lower troponin elevation (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41-0.92) but not with Killip class on admission (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.83-1.67, P = 0.3697) or mortality (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.37-1.38, P = 0.3196).Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that nitrates have a protective effect on acute ischaemic injury

Especies de Ciatostomas Resistentes al Albendazol en Equinos, Cuba

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintic used in an equine ranch in Cuba. The faecal egg count reduction test of Strongyles (FECRT) was used to evaluate albendazole and ivermectin. Thirty-three horses were selected (18 treated with albendazole, 15 treated with ivermectin). The egg count reduction for albendazole was 38% for micronized albendazole and 33% for albendazole sulfoxide. Ivermectin effectiveness was 100%. Subsequently, four horses that showed high counts of eggs after the albendazole treatment were treated with ivermectin on day 17 after the initial deworming to collect resistant nematodes in the faeces. These nematodes were morphologically identified. It was possible to identified 493 specimens: Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicostephanus goldi and Cylicostephanus minutus which represented 78.5, 7.7, 6.5, 3.9 and 3.4% respectively. This has been the first report for Cylicostephanus minutus in equines in Cuba. It is concluded that at least five of species of cyathostomes were resistant to albendazole.Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia antihelmíntica de las presentaciones empleadas en los equinos de un rancho cubano, se realizó un test de reducción del recuento fecal de huevos de estróngilos (TRCFH) frente al albendazol y a la ivermectina, administrados vía oral. Se seleccionaron 33 equinos (albendazol 18; ivermectina 15). La reducción del conteo de huevos frente al albendazol varió entre 38% para el albendazol micronizado y 33% para el albendazol sulfóxido. La eficacia de la ivermectina fue del 100%. Posteriormente, a cuatro equinos con altos recuentos de huevos de los grupos tratados con albendazol se les hizo una segunda desparasitación con ivermectina en el día 17 posterior a la dosificación inicial para colectar los nematodos resistentes al benzimidazol en las heces. Estos nematodos fueron identificados morfológicamente. Del total de nematodos colectados, se identificaron 493 pertenecientes a las especies Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicostephanus goldi y Cylicostephanus minutus, las cuales representaron el 78.5, 7.7, 6.5, 3.9 y 3.4%, respectivamente. Este fue el primero reporte de C. minutus en equinos de Cuba. Se concluye que al menos cinco de las especies de ciatostomas fueron resistentes al albendazol

Longitudinal reallocations of time between 24-h movement behaviours and their associations with inflammation in children and adolescents: the UP&DOWN study

Purpose The aims of this study were to advance knowledge on physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) policies in China and to highlight related gaps and opportunities in the Chinese policy landscape. Methods Literature and web-based searches were performed to identify national PA and SB policies in China. We assessed which of the 17 elements of the Health Enhancing Physical Activity Policy Audit Tool (HEPA PAT, version 2) are included in each of the policy documents and whether and how they address the ‘cornerstones’ of PA and SB policy: PA and SB guidelines, targets, surveillance and monitoring, and public education programmes. Results We found 60 national PA and SB policies, of which 54 focused on PA only and 6 focused on both PA and SB. There was a rapid increase in the number of policies issued between 2002 and 2021. In totality, the policies include all 17 key elements for a successful national policy approach to PA promotion according to the HEPA PAT. The policies reflect engagement from a range of sectors and encompass PA targets, recommendations for PA and SB, mandates and recommendations for school-related PA, plans for public education on PA, and plans for surveillance and monitoring of PA and SB. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that there has been increasing focus on PA and SB policies in China, which reflects efforts by policymakers to address the health burden of insufficient PA and excessive SB. More emphasis may be placed on SB in Chinese policy, particularly in terms of setting specific targets for population SB. Policymakers and other relevant public health stakeholders in China could also consider developing or adopting the 24-hour movement guidelines, in accordance with recent trends in several other countries. Collaboration and involvement of different sectors in the development and implementation of Chinese PA and SB policies should continue to be facilitated as part of a whole-of-system approach to health promotion

Understanding the evolution of immune genes in jawed vertebrates

Driven by co-evolution with pathogens, host immunity continuously adapts to optimize defence against pathogens within a given environment. Recent advances in genetics, genomics and transcriptomics have enabled a more detailed investigation into how immunogenetic variation shapes the diversity of immune responses seen across domestic and wild animal species. However, a deeper understanding of the diverse molecular mechanisms that shape immunity within and among species is still needed to gain insight into-and generate evolutionary hypotheses on-the ultimate drivers of immunological differences. Here, we discuss current advances in our understanding of molecular evolution underpinning jawed vertebrate immunity. First, we introduce the immunome concept, a framework for characterizing genes involved in immune defence from a comparative perspective, then we outline how immune genes of interest can be identified. Second, we focus on how different selection modes are observed acting across groups of immune genes and propose hypotheses to explain these differences. We then provide an overview of the approaches used so far to study the evolutionary heterogeneity of immune genes on macro and microevolutionary scales. Finally, we discuss some of the current evidence as to how specific pathogens affect the evolution of different groups of immune genes. This review results from the collective discussion on the current key challenges in evolutionary immunology conducted at the ESEB 2021 Online Satellite Symposium: Molecular evolution of the vertebrate immune system, from the lab to natural populations