Ideas políticas y agentes del triunfo del Despotismo Ilustrado Español (1756-1766)

El Despotisme Il·lustrat a Espanya va ser una forma eficaç de modernització de l'absolutisme mentre les peces del sistema -rei, Domus Regia, estat modernitzador, Il·lustració pragmàtica- van estar en equilibri. L'època d'esplendor va ser la del regnat de Ferran VI, amb el govern de Carvajal-Ensenada i fins i tot amb Wall. L'arribada dels italians amb Carles III va desequilibrar la fórmula, tot creant un gran malestar polític que va esclatar el 1766, enmig de la carestia i de la protesta de les classes baixes. El nou govern va fer més profund encara el desequilibri quan va fer del rei Carles III una figura sacralitzada i una autoritat suprema inapel·lable que era la peça única que dominava totes les altres. La reial gana va permetre les reformes i un aire de prosperitat i de bon govern es va estendre pel país a causa d'uns ministres capaços; però el nou Despotisme Il·lustrat espanyol, forjat durant els motins, va aprofundir en la idea -tan estimada pel rei -i per molts dels ministres il·lustrats!- d'una Espanya eterna en la qual la monarquia absoluta i la religió única fossin fonaments naturals i incommovibles de l'estat i de la "constitució del regne".El Despotismo Ilustrado en España fue una forma eficaz de modernización del absolutismo mientras las piezas del sistema -rey, Domus Regia, estado modernizador, Ilustración pragmática- estuvieron equilibradas. La época de esplendor fue la del reinado de Fernando VI, con el gobierno de Carvajal- Ensenada y aún con Wall. La llegada de los italianos con Carlos III desequilibró la formula, creando un gran malestar político que estalló en 1766, en medio de la carestía y la protesta de las clases bajas. El nuevo gobierno profundizó aún más el desequilibrio al hacer del rey, un Carlos III sacralizado, autoridad suprema inapelable, la pieza única que dominaba todas las demás. La real gana permitió las reformas y un aire de prosperidad y buen gobierno se extendió por el país a causa de ministros capaces, pero el nuevo Despotismo Ilustrado español, forjado durante los motines, fue ahondando la idea -tan cara al rey ¡y a muchos ministros ilustrados!- de una España eterna en que monarquía absoluta y religión única fueran fundamentos naturales e inconmovibles del estado y de la "constitución del reino".The Enlightened Despotism in Spain was an effective method to modernize the absolutism during the time that the pieces of the system -King, Domus Regia, updating state, pragmatic Illustration- were balanced. The time of splendour was during the kingdom of Fernando VI, with the government of Carvajal-Ensenada and even with Ricardo Wall. The arrival of the Italians with Carlos III threw off the balance of the formula, causing a great political disquietude that broke out in 1766 amidst the shortage and protest of lower classes. The new government made the unbalance even deeper making of the king, a sacred Carlos III, unappealable supreme authority , the only piece that dominated all the rest. The real fancy allowed the reforms and an atmosphere of prosperity and good government spread across the country due to capable ministers, but the new Spanish Enlightened Despotism, forged during the mutinies, was deepening the idea -an idea so costly for the king himself and many illustrated ministers- of an everlasting Spain in which absolute monarchy and a sole religion would be natural and firm basis of the state and of the "kingdom constitution"

A United Nations Instrument to Regulate and Monitor Private Military and Security Contractors

Member States of the United Nations (U.N.) are responsible for taking appropriate measures to prevent, investigate, punish, and provide effective remedies for relevant misconduct of private military and security companies (PMSCs) and their personnel; their responsibilities fully remain, even if States have chosen to contract out certain security functions. The widespread outsourcing of military and security functions to private companies in situations of low-intensity conflicts, international relief, and contingency operations has been a major phenomenon in the past twenty years. The grave human rights violations in which they have been involved in Iraq and Afghanistan have been the focus of international attention and have generated debate about the roles of PMSCs, the norms under which they should operate, and how to monitor their activities. The U.N. Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries (Working Group) has found that there is a regulatory legal vacuum covering the activities ofPMSCs and a lack of common standards for the registration and licensing of these companies, for the vetting and training of their staff, and for the safekeeping of weapons. Although there are norms of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) that could apply in some situations, in practice, they have not been implemented. PMSCs have succeeded in creating a situation of diffused responsibility and lack ofaccountability through a labyrinth of contractual and insurance layers and shells. The Working Group has arrived at the logical conclusion that a new binding international legal instrument is necessary to regulate and monitor the activities of PMSCs, and in 2010 it recommended to the U.N. the creation of an open-ended working group entrusted with the elaboration of a regulatory framework monitoring the activities of PMSCs. The international instrument would stipulate, among other things, the development of a national regime of licensing, regulation, and oversight of the activities of PMSCs and their subcontractors; increased responsibility of home States (where PMSCs are registered) for the export of military and security services of PMSCs registered and licensed in their country; and that States on whose territory PMSCs operate ensure effective control over the activities of these companies

A recollimation shock 80 mas from the core in the jet of the radio galaxy 3C120: Observational evidence and modeling

We present Very Long Baseline Array observations of the radio galaxy 3C120 at 5, 8, 12, and 15 GHz designed to study a peculiar stationary jet feature (hereafter C80) located ~80 mas from the core, which was previously shown to display a brightness temperature ~600 times lager than expected at such distances. The high sensitivity of the images -- obtained between December 2009 and June 2010 -- has revealed that C80 corresponds to the eastern flux density peak of an arc of emission (hereafter A80), downstream of which extends a large (~20 mas in size) bubble-like structure that resembles an inverted bow shock. The linearly polarized emission closely follows that of the total intensity in A80, with the electric vector position angle distributed nearly perpendicular to the arc-shaped structure. Despite the stationary nature of C80/A80, superluminal components with speeds up to ~3 c have been detected downstream from its position, resembling the behavior observed in the HST-1 emission complex in M87. The total and polarized emission of the C80/A80 structure, its lack of motion, and brightness temperature excess are best reproduced by a model based on synchrotron emission from a conical shock with cone opening angle \eta=10 degrees, jet viewing angle \theta=16 degrees, a completely tangled upstream magnetic field, and upstream Lorentz factor \gamma=8.4. The good agreement between our observations and numerical modeling leads us to conclude that the peculiar feature associated with C80/A80 corresponds to a conical recollimation shock in the jet of 3C120 located at a de-projected distance of ~190 pc downstream from the nucleus.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap

Combined Effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation on Sea Surface Temperature in the Alborán Sea

We explored the possible effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) on interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the Albora´n Sea, both separately and combined. The probability of observing mean annual SST values higher than average was related to NAO and AO values of the previous year. The effect of NAO on SST was negative, while that of AO was positive. The pure effects of NAO and AO on SST are obscuring each other, due to the positive correlation between them. When decomposing SST, NAO and AO in seasonal values, we found that variation in mean annual SST and mean winter SST was significantly related to the mean autumn NAO of the previous year, while mean summer SST was related to mean autumn AO of the previous year. The one year delay in the effect of the NAO and AO on the SST could be partially related to the amount of accumulated snow, as we found a significant correlation between the total snow in the North Albora´n watershed for a year with the annual average SST of the subsequent year. A positive AO implies a colder atmosphere in the Polar Regions, which could favour occasional cold waves over the Iberian Peninsula which, when coupled with precipitations favoured by a negative NAO, may result in snow precipitation. This snow may be accumulated in the high peaks and melt down in spring-summer of the following year, which consequently increases the runoff of freshwater to the sea, which in turn causes a diminution of sea surface salinity and density, and blocks the local upwelling of colder water, resulting in a higher SST.CGL2009-11316 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain, and FEDER

Faraday rotation and polarization gradients in the jet of 3C~120: Interaction with the external medium and a helical magnetic field?

We present a sequence of 12 monthly polarimetric 15, 22, and 43 GHz VLBA observations of the radio galaxy 3C 120 revealing a systematic presence of gradients in Faraday rotation and degree of polarization across and along the jet. The degree of polarization increases with distance from the core and toward the jet edges, and has an asymmetric profile in which the northern side of the jet is more highly polarized. The Faraday rotation measure is also stratified across the jet width, with larger values for the southern side. We find a localized region of high Faraday rotation measure superposed on this structure between approximately 3 and 4 mas from the core, with a peak of about 6000 rad/m^2. Interaction of the jet with the external medium or a cloud would explain the confined region of enhanced Faraday rotation, as well as the stratification in degree of polarization and the flaring of superluminal knots when crossing this region. The data are also consistent with a helical field in a two-fluid jet model, consisting of an inner, emitting jet and a sheath containing nonrelativistic electrons. However, this helical magnetic field model cannot by itself explain the localized region of enhanced Faraday rotation. The polarization electric vectors, predominantly perpendicular to the jet axis once corrected for Faraday rotation, require a dominant component parallel to the jet axis (in the frame of the emitting plasma) for the magnetic field in the emitting region.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters. 4 pages (including 5 figures

A sensitive study of the peculiar jet structure HST-1 in M87

To obtain a better understanding of the location and mechanisms for the production of the gamma-ray emission in jets of AGN we present a detailed study of the HST-1 structure, 0.8 arcsec downstream the jet of M87, previously identified as a possible candidate for TeV emission. HST-1 shows a very peculiar structure with superluminal as well as possible stationary sub-components, and appears to be located in the transition from a parabolic to a conical jet shape, presumably leading to the formation of a recollimation shock. This scenario is supported by our new RHD simulations in which the interaction of a moving component with a recollimation shock leads to the appearance of a new superluminal component. To discern whether HST-1 is produced by a recollimation shock or some other MHD instability, we present new polarimetric 2.2 and 5 GHz VLBA, as well as 15, 22 and 43 GHz JVLA observations obtained between November 2012 and March 2013.Comment: 6 page

Transient Propagation and Scattering of Quasi-Rayleigh Waves in Plates: Quantitative comparison between Pulsed TV-Holography Measurements and FC(Gram) elastodynamic simulations

We study the scattering of transient, high-frequency, narrow-band quasi-Rayleigh elastic waves by through-thickness holes in aluminum plates, in the framework of ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT) based on full-field optical detection. Sequences of the instantaneous two-dimensional (2-D) out-of-plane displacement scattering maps are measured with a self-developed PTVH system. The corresponding simulated sequences are obtained by means of an FC(Gram) elastodynamic solver introduced recently, which implements a full three-dimensional (3D) vector formulation of the direct linear-elasticity scattering problem. A detailed quantitative comparison between these experimental and numerical sequences, which is presented here for the first time, shows very good agreement both in the amplitude and the phase of the acoustic field in the forward, lateral and backscattering areas. It is thus suggested that the combination of the PTVH system and the FC(Gram) elastodynamic solver provides an effective ultrasonic inspection tool for plate-like structures, with a significant potential for ultrasonic NDT applications.Comment: 46 pages, 16 figures, corresponding author Jos\'e Carlos L\'opez-V\'azquez, [email protected]. Changes: 1st, 4th, 5th paragraphs (intro), 3rd, 4th paragraphs (sec. 4); [59-60] cited only in appendixes; old ref. [52] removed; misprints corrected in the uncertainty of c_L (subsec. 3.1), citation to fig. 10 (sec. 4), size of images (caption fig.15); reference to Lam\'e constants removed in subsec. 3.

Energy Efficiency of Hybrid-Power HetNets: A Population-like Games Approach

In this paper, a distributed control scheme based on population games is proposed. The controller is in charge of dealing with the energy consumption problem in a Heterogeneous Cellular Network (HetNet) powered by hybrid energy sources (grid and renewable energy) while guaranteeing appropriate quality of service (QoS) level at the same time. Unlike the conventional approach in population games, it considers both atomicity and non-anonymity. Simulation results show that the proposed population-games approach reduces grid consumption by up to about 12% compared to the traditional best-signal level association policy.U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research FA9550-17-1-0259Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte DPI2016-76493-C3-3-RMinisterio de Economía y Empresa DPI2017-86918-