Hábitos alimentarios del besugo Epigonus crassicaudus combinando contenido estomacal e isótopos estables

El besugo, Epigonus crassicaudus, es una especie de importancia económica para la actividad pesquera que opera en el centro-sur de Chile. A pesar de ello, poco es lo que se conoce respecto a su biología. En este sentido, este trabajo estudió los hábitos alimentarios combinando análisis estomacales y de estabilidad isotópica. Los resultados del análisis dan cuenta de la importancia de los peces mesopelágicos (Myctophidae, Stomiidae) en la dieta con un aporte del 80%, seguido por crustáceos (Sergestes arcticus) alcanzando un 10%. No se detectaron diferencias en la dieta en peces con distinto grado de madurez sexual. En tanto, los valores de los isótopos de nitrógeno y carbono mostraron valores de promedio de 17,12 ± 1,1 δ 15N y de -17,51 ± 0,7 δ 13C, respectivamente. La constitución de valores de δ 13C fue proporcional al tamaño corporal de los besugos: individuos de mayor tamaño habitan en ambientes más demersales que ejemplares de menor tamaño. De acuerdo a estos resultados, el besugo  se sitúa como consumidor secundario

Prenatal gunshot wound, a rare cause of maternal and fetus trauma, a case report

Background: Gunshot wounds in pregnant women, although rare, represent an important cause of fetal and maternal mortality. Understanding the mechanism of injury is essential to identify the possible injuries and to adequately manage the complexity of these emergency scenarios. Case presentation: We present a case of a 27-year-old woman and her 37 week fetus who were the victims of a gunshot wound. The trajectory of the bullet injured not only the mother but also the developing fetus. An emergency c-section was performed and the bullet was removed from the infant's abdomen. The two patients fully recovered and on follow up controls both patients are doing well. Conclusions: Trauma events, and particularly gunshot wounds in pregnant women requires promptly and adequate intervention. Coordinated efforts from multidisciplinary clinical teams are needed as well as the appropriate training in maternal and infant resuscitative measures and surgical techniques

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Bottom trawl fishing footprints on the world’s continental shelves

Publication history: Accepted - 23 August 2018; Published online - 8 October 2018.Bottom trawlers land around 19 million tons of fish and invertebrates annually, almost one-quarter of wild marine landings. The extent of bottom trawling footprint (seabed area trawled at least once in a specified region and time period) is often contested but poorly described. We quantify footprints using high-resolution satellite vessel monitoring system (VMS) and logbook data on 24 continental shelves and slopes to 1,000-m depth over at least 2 years. Trawling footprint varied markedly among regions: from <10% of seabed area in Australian and New Zealand waters, the Aleutian Islands, East Bering Sea, South Chile, and Gulf of Alaska to >50% in some European seas. Overall, 14% of the 7.8 million-km2 study area was trawled, and 86% was not trawled. Trawling activity was aggregated; the most intensively trawled areas accounting for 90% of activity comprised 77% of footprint on average. Regional swept area ratio (SAR; ratio of total swept area trawled annually to total area of region, a metric of trawling intensity) and footprint area were related, providing an approach to estimate regional trawling footprints when highresolution spatial data are unavailable. If SAR was ≤0.1, as in 8 of 24 regions, therewas >95% probability that >90%of seabed was not trawled. If SAR was 7.9, equal to the highest SAR recorded, there was >95% probability that >70% of seabed was trawled. Footprints were smaller and SAR was ≤0.25 in regions where fishing rates consistently met international sustainability benchmarks for fish stocks, implying collateral environmental benefits from sustainable fishing.Funding for meetings of the study group and salary support for R.O.A. were provided by the following: David and Lucile Packard Foundation; the Walton Family Foundation; the Alaska Seafood Cooperative; American Seafoods Group US; Blumar Seafoods Denmark; Clearwater Seafoods Inc.; Espersen Group; Glacier Fish Company LLC US; Gortons Seafood; Independent Fisheries Limited N.Z.; Nippon Suisan (USA), Inc.; Pesca Chile S.A.; Pacific Andes International Holdings, Ltd.; San Arawa, S.A.; Sanford Ltd. N.Z.; Sealord Group Ltd. N.Z.; South African Trawling Association; Trident Seafoods; and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Additional funding to individual authors was provided by European Union Project BENTHIS EU-FP7 312088 (to A.D.R., O.R.E., F.B., N.T.H., L.B.-M., R.C., H.O.F., H.G., J.G.H., P.J., S.K., M.L., G.G.-M., N.P., P.E.P., T.R., A.S., B.V., and M.J.K.); the Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Portugal (C.S.); the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Science Fund (R.O.A. and K.M.H.); the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (C.R.P. and T.M.); the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (R.A.M.); New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries Projects BEN2012/01 and DAE2010/ 04D (to S.J.B. and R.F.); the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania and the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania, Australia (J.M.S.); and UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Project MF1225 (to S.J.)

Iron Chelators and Antioxidants Regenerate Neuritic Tree and Nigrostriatal Fibers of MPP plus /MPTP-Lesioned Dopaminergic Neurons

Artículo de publicación ISINeuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD) is often preceded by axodendritic tree retraction and loss of neuronal functionality. The presence of non-functional but live neurons opens therapeutic possibilities to recover functionality before clinical symptoms develop. Considering that iron accumulation and oxidative damage are conditions commonly found in PD, we tested the possible neuritogenic effects of iron chelators and antioxidant agents. We used three commercial chelators: DFO, deferiprone and 2.2'-dypyridyl, and three 8-hydroxyquinoline-based iron chelators: M30, 7MH and 7DH, and we evaluated their effects in vitro using a mesencephalic cell culture treated with the Parkinsonian toxin MPP+ and in vivo using the MPTP mouse model. All chelators tested promoted the emergence of new tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive processes, increased axodendritic tree length and protected cells against lipoperoxidation. Chelator treatment resulted in the generation of processes containing the presynaptic marker synaptophysin. The antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and dymetylthiourea also enhanced axodendritic tree recovery in vitro, an indication that reducing oxidative tone fosters neuritogenesis in MPP+-damaged neurons. Oral administration to mice of the M30 chelator for 14 days after MPTP treatment resulted in increased TH- and GIRK2-positive nigra cells and nigrostriatal fibers. Our results support a role for oral iron chelators as good candidates for the early treatment of PD, at stages of the disease where there is axodendritic tree retraction without neuronal death.National Fund for Scientific and Technological Research of Chile, FONDECYT grant 1030068 Program of Associative Research ACT111

The antioxidants NAC and DMTU regenerate MPP+-damaged axodendritic tree.

<p>Mesencephalic cells at DIV7 were treated for 24 h with 0.5 μM MPP+, followed by treatment for 48 h with NAC (0.5 or 1 mM) or DMTU (1 or 2 mM). Control cells were incubated for 72 h in regular culture medium. Cells were immunostained for TH and total axodendritic tree length of TH+ cells was determined. Values represent Mean ± SEM. The number of neurons determined for each condition ranged between 12 and 28. *P< 0.05 compared to Control; **P< 0.01 compared to Control; ^#P< 0.05 compared to the MPP+ condition; ^#P< 0.05 compared to the MPP+ condition; ^##P< 0.01 compared to the MPP+ condition; ^###P< 0.001 compared to the MPP+ condition; ns, non-significant. B) Cells treated MPP+ and then with NAC or DMTU as described in (A) were double immunostained with anti-TH anti-HNE. HNE immunostaining intensity was determined in TH-positive neurons with the ImageJ program. Values normalized to Control. *** P< 0.001 as compared to Control; ^### P< 0.001 as compared to MPP+-treated cells.</p

Effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline-based chelators on axodendritic tree restoration.

<p>A) Cells were treated for 24 h with 0.5 μM MPP+ and then for 48 h with 50 nM 7MH, 50 nM 7DH or 0.25 μM M30. The length of the axodendritic tree of TH-positive neurons was determined as described in Methods. Values represent Mean ± SEM of the axodendritic tree length determined in 10 neurons per experimental condition. * P< 0.05, ** P< 0.01 as compared to Control. ^## P< 0.01 as compared to MPP+-treated cells. B) Cells treated MPP+ and then with 7MH, 7DH or M30 as described in (A) were double immunostained with anti-TH anti-HNE. HNE immunostaining intensity was determined in TH-positive neurons with the ImageJ program. Values normalized to Control. ** P< 0.01 as compared to Control; ^### P< 0.001 as compared to MPP+-treated cells; ns, non-significant.</p

Iron chelators restore the axodendritic tree in MPP+-treated DA neurons.

<p>Mesencephalic cells in culture were treated as described in the legend to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144848#pone.0144848.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1A</a> for 24 h with 0.5 μM MPP+ followed by treatment for 48 h with 5 μM DFO, 50 μM DFP or 10 μM DPD. Cells were fixed and immunostained for TH. Total axodendritic tree length was determined as described in Methods. Values represent Mean ± SEM, N = 10 neurons for each experimental condition. ** P< 0.01 as compared to MPP+-treated cells. ^## P< 0.01 as compared to the Control condition.</p

Recovery of SNc-striatum fibers by M30 treatment.

<p>A) Scheme of the “basal ganglia slice” procedure. Brains were placed on an acrylic base with a 10-degree slope in one of its faces, and were cut into 75 μm parasagittal slices. Image modified from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144848#pone.0144848.ref029" target="_blank">29</a>]. B) Low-amplification photomontage of the nigrostriatal pathway. Shown is a five-frame reconstitution of the nigrostriatal pathway from a control animal. STR, striatum; SNc: substantia nigra pars compacta. Dashed frames highlight the regions used to quantify TH intensity in fibers and SNc (see below). C) Parasagittal slices. Shown are frames from individual mice subjected to the conditions described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144848#pone.0144848.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1B</a>, namely, Control Saline/Saline; Saline/M30; MPTP; MPTP/M30. Scale bar: 200 μm. D) TH labeling intensity of SNc and nigrostriatal fibers from frames of Fig 6C quantified with the Quantity One software program. Values represent Mean ± SEM of TH staining intensity normalized to Control, for either the SNc or the nigrostriatal fibers area. * P<0.05 and ** P< 0.01 compared to the control (saline/saline) condition. ^#P<0.05 and ^## P< 0.01 compared to the MPTP condition.</p

Total neuritic tree length of control and MPP+-treated TH-positive neurons.

<p>Mesencephalic cells (DIV7) were treated for 24 h with 0.5 μM MPP+, after which dopaminergic neurons were identified by TH immunostaining; the cell nucleus was stained with TOPRO (blue). A) Seven-frame composition of a representative control neuron. B) Images of two representative MPP+-treated neurons. C) Quantification of total neuritic tree length determined with the HCA Vision program. Values are Mean ± SEM for Control (N = 20 neurons) and MPP+-treated cells (N = 11 neurons).</p