The right to sufragge in the xxth century

En el presente trabajo se aborda el estudio del derecho de sufragio en el siglo XX, aquel en el que se expande con fuerza y se consolida de manera irreversible con el carácter de fundamental. Y se hace desde una perspectiva, no solo histórica, sino también general y comparada, pues toma como base el significado y evolución del sufragio en el conjunto de los países occidentales en un determinado momento histórico, sin perjuicio de constantes referencias al caso español y a otras épocas pasadas y aún posteriores. El análisis se articula en torno a tres cuestiones básicas: la delimitación básica de la naturaleza del derecho de sufragio, el principio de universalidad del mismo y las limitaciones que ha experimentado durante el siglo XX.This paper deals with the study of the right of suffrage in the twentieth century, which has strongly grown and irreversibly consolidated with the character of fundamental right. And the perspective is not only historical, but also global and comparative, since its ground it’s the meaning and evolution of suffrage in Western countries as a whole in a particular historical moment, thought there are constant references to the Spanish case and other past and even later historical stages. The analysis is organized around three basic issues: the basic definition of the nature of the right to suffrage, its principle of universality and the limitations experienced during the twentieth century

The Tree Biodiversity Network (BIOTREE-NET): prospects for biodiversity research and conservation in the Neotropics

Long Database Report.-- et al.Biodiversity research and conservation efforts in the tropics are hindered by the lack of knowledge of the assemblages found there, with many species undescribed or poorly known. Our initiative, the Tree Biodiversity Network (BIOTREE-NET), aims to ad-dress this problem by assembling georeferenced data from a wide range of sources, making these data easily accessible and easily que-ried, and promoting data sharing. The database (GIVD ID NA-00-002) currently comprises ca. 50,000 tree records of ca. 5,000 species (230 in the IUCN Red List) from >2,000 forest plots in 11 countries. The focus is on trees because of their pivotal role in tropical for-est ecosystems (which contain most of the world's biodiversity) in terms of ecosystem function, carbon storage and effects on other species. BIOTREE-NET currently focuses on southern Mexico and Central America, but we aim to expand coverage to other parts of tropical America. The database is relational, comprising 12 linked data tables. We summarise its structure and contents. Key tables contain data on forest plots (including size, location and date(s) sampled), individual trees (including diameter, when available, and both recorded and standardised species name), species (including biological traits of each species) and the researchers who collected the data. Many types of queries are facilitated and species distribution modelling is enabled. Examining the data in BIOTREE-NET to date, we found an uneven distribution of data in space and across biomes, reflecting the general state of knowledge of the tropics. More than 90% of the data were collected since 1990 and plot size varies widely, but with most less than one hectare in size. A wide range of minimum sizes is used to define a 'tree'. The database helps to identify gaps that need filling by further data collection and collation. The data can be publicly accessed through a web application at http://portal.biotreenet.com. Researchers are invited and encouraged to contribute data to BIOTREE-NET.BIOTREE-NET development has been supported primarily by Fundación BBVA (project BIOCON08_044).Peer Reviewe

Properties of the Molecular Gas in Low Metallicity Environments

Understanding star formation is of great importance in modern astrophysics because it gives us crucial information on the way galaxies evolve and therefore provides important insights into the evolution and nature of our Universe. Times scales, efficiency, and the rate at which star formation occurs are determined by the physical and chemical properties of the molecular gas at different scales. The processes of star formation occur in dense molecular gas. Determinant properties of this gas are the abundance of heavy elements (metallicity) and the relative amount of dust (dust-to-gas ratio). Both quantities evolve during the lifetime of our Universe. Therefore, in order to understand the processes of star formation in the earlier stages of our Universe, we need to know the form and extent on which these quantities affect the properties of the gas that form stars. In this thesis we study the properties of the molecular gas in low-metallicity environments. Considering that in the low-metallicity molecular gas most of the millimeter and sub-millimeter emission comes from photon-dominated regions (PDRs), we approach our study in their context. For that, we utilize a spherically symmetric PDR model. We first calibrate the PDR model in the weak far-ultraviolet radiation field regime studying the pre-stellar core Barnard 68. Owing to its roughly spherical morphology and well-constrained density profile, Barnard 68 is ideal for such study. We later analyze the case when the low-metallicity gas is exposed to weak FUV radiation fields. This is the case of intermediate velocity clouds (IVCs). We then investigate global properties of the metal-poor molecular gas exposed to stronger FUV radiation fields using large scale observations of the 30 Dor molecular ridge in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We later use a PDR model to investigate the nature of the millimeter and sub-millimeter emission emerging from the N159W region. We finally study the variations of line ratios involving [CII], [CI, 12CO, and 13CO transitions as a function of the strength of the FUV radiation field. A better understanding of the properties of the low metallicity gas in local examples will serve as a template for future studies of the ISM in galaxies at high redshift using ALMA

Tabu search-based method for bézier curve parameterization

A very important issue in many applied fields is to construct the fitting curve that approximates a given set of data points optimally in the sense of least-squares. This problem arises in a number of areas, such as computer-aided design & manufacturing (CAD/CAM), virtual reality, medical imaging, computer graphics, computer animation, and many others. This is also a hard problem, because it is highly nonlinear, over-determined and typically involves a large number of unknown variables. A critical step in this process is to obtain a suitable parameterization of the data points. In this context, this paper introduces a new method to obtain an optimal solution for the parameterization problem of the least-squares fitting Bézier curve. Our method is based on a local search metaheuristic approach for optimization problems called tabu search. The method is applied to some simple yet illustrative examples for the cases of 2D and 3D curves. The proposed method is simple to understand, easy to implement and can be applied to any kind of smooth data points. Our experimental results show that the presented method performs very well, being able to fit the data points with a high degree of accuracy.This research has been financially supported by the Computer Science National Program of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Project Ref. #TIN2012-30768, Toho University, the University of Cantabria, and the Instituto de Física de Cantabria, a mixed research center of the University of Cantabria and CSIC-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.Peer Reviewe

Nuevas aportaciones al catálogo aeropalinológico de Córdoba: plantas exóticas

Se ha estudiado el pol en de 22 taxones de la flora exótica de la ciudad de Córdoba , posiblemente anemófilos. La presencia de estos taxones es importante en unos casos por su caracter al ergógeno ( Schinus, Ricinus, Aesculus, Elaeagnus y Acacia ); en otros por ser ti picamente en tornó filas (Tipuana, Sophora, Impatiens, Callistemon y Feijoa) y en otros casos por su problemática de recolección o determinación en los mues t reos ( Melia , Libocedrus, Taxodium, Carex, Cyperus, Tilia y Jacaranda).The pollen of 22 taxa posibly anemophilous of the Cór doba exotic flora are stud i ed. In sorne cases the presence of it are i mportant for their alergenic caracter (Schinus, Ricinus 1 Aesculus 1 Elaeagnus and Acacia} ; i n other cases for to be typically ent omoph i lous { Tipuana 1 Sophora, Impatiens, Callistemon and Feijoa ) and in other for t heir prob l ematic collecti ng or identification in the sampl ing ( Melia, Libocedrus 1 Taxodium 1 Carex 1 Cyperus, Tilia and Jacaraoda

Innovative Solutions for Seawater Use in Mining Operations

This chapter reviews the use of seawater in the mining industry in Chile, especially from the perspective of the current situation and the innovative proposals for its sustainable use. This chapter describes the current use of seawater, with and without desalting, in the mining sector in Chile, as well as its future projection. Descriptions are given for the current desalination systems, mining operations currently using seawater and new projects, current water distribution systems, seawater applications in hydrometallurgy and minerals concentration, their environmental impacts, and difficulties in adapting processes in case of use of seawater without desalination. This is complemented by a description of mining in Chile, its importance for Chile and its relationship to the global mining. Finally, problems and opportunities are identified. A second aspect considered in this chapter is the innovative solutions that are being investigated to solve some of the problems indicated above, including integrated seawater distribution systems, seawater biodesalination, partial desalination using carbon dioxide, adaptation of process to the use of seawater without desalination, and uses of discard brines from reverse osmosis plants

Efecto de la irradiancia en el crecimiento, fotosíntesis, contenido pigmentario y consumo de nutrientes en cultivos densos de Rhodomonas salina (Wislouch) (Cryptophyceae)

12 páginas, 5 figuras, 2 tablas.[EN] The effects of different incident irradiances on growth, photosynthesis, pigment content and nutrient uptake were studied in dense cultures of the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina (Wislouch) Hill y Wetherbee. Cells were grown for ten days at different incident irradiances: 11, 33, 75, 260 and 320 ?mol photon m-2s-1. The average pigment content (phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a) was lower when cells were grown at high irradiances (260 and 320 ?mol photon m-2s-1) compared with cells grown under low irradiances (11, 33 and 75 ?mol photon m-2s-1).The maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax) was maximal at 75 ?mol photon m-2s-1 , decreasing considerably at the highest irradiance in which apparent photosynthetic efficiency per cell and per chlorophyll a unit (ᣥll and ᣨla) also decreased. Results showed that dense cultures of R. salina grew optimally in a range between 75 and 260 ?mol photon m-2s-1 with optimal photosynthetic performance at 75 ?mol photon m-2s-1. Nitrogen and phosphorus depletion occurred as a consequence of the exponential growth, except under the lowest and the highest irradiances (11 and 320 ?mol photon m-2s-1, respectively). Associated to N-limitation, phycoerythrin (PE) and chlorophyll a decreased considerably. It is suggested that R.salina responds to nitrogen-depleted conditions by mobilizing nitrogen from PE, this behaviour being modelled by a relationship between external nitrogen availability and PE mobilization.[ES] En este trabajo se analizan los efectos que diferentes irradiancias incidentes tienen en el crecimiento, características fotosintéticas, contenido pigmentario e incorporación de nutrientes en cultivos densos de la criptofita Rhodomonas salina (Wislouch) Hill y Wetherbee. Con tal fin, se mantuvieron cultivos durante diez días bajo distintas condiciones de luz incidente: 11, 33, 75, 260 y 320 µmol fotón m-2s-1. El contenido pigmentario promedio (ficoeritrina y clorofila a) fue menor en células adaptadas a las mayores irradiancias (260 y 320 µmol fotón m-2s-1) en comparación con las adaptadas a las irradiancias menores (11, 33 y 75 µmol fotón m-2s-1). El valor máximo de fotosíntesis (Pmax) se obtuvo para las células adaptadas a 75 µmol fotón m-2s-1, decreciendo considerablemente para la irradiancia máxima ensayada en la que también la eficiencia fotosintética (ácel. and ácla) fue menor. Los resultados muestran que esta criptofita crece óptimamente en cultivos densos en un rango de irradiancias incidentes entre 75 y 260 µmol fotón m-2s-1, con una actividad fotosintética óptima a 75 µmol fotón m-2s-1. Como consecuencia del crecimiento exponencial de los cultivos, se produjo una desaparición paulatina y prácticamente total del nitrógeno y el fósforo del medio, excepto en los cultivos adaptados a las irradiancias máxima (320 µmol fotón m-2s-1) y minima (11 µmol fotón m-2s-1) empleadas. Asociada a tales condiciones de limitación de nitrógeno se observó una disminución del contenido celular de ficoeritrina y clorofila a, definiéndose una clara relación entre la disponibilidad de nitrógeno externo y la tasa de desaparición de ficoeritrina. Estos resultados sugieren que Rhodomonas salina es capaz de movilizar el nitrógeno asociado a la ficoeritrina como respuesta ante condiciones de baja disponibilidad de dicho nutriente.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por un proyecto CICYT (AMB-0684-CO2-01) del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, España.Peer reviewe

Centro de Integración Cultural en el Distrito de Guadalupe - Provincia de Pacasmayo - La Libertad

El proyecto tesis nace de la idea de la necesidad de la población por parte de un proyecto de Servicios Comunes; como lo indica el Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones, este proyecto se realiza con el propósito de satisfacer a la población con la educación complementaria como danza, artesanía o música para incentivar a la población juvenil a una formación. El proyecto comenzó de un marco teórico de espacios públicos; donde el propósito es diseñar un proyecto que responda a la necesidad y que se cumpla la teoría. Luego de tener los puntos pensado; ubicamos el proyecto en la Provincia de Pacasmayo, Distrito de Guadalupe, para establecer en un terreno ya definido por la municipalidad; estas cuentas con los parámetros para poder diseñar; luego se pensó en la forma, en su composición volumétrica y espacios. Se planteó la idea primero de las zonas, que por resultado de un diagnostico situacional; nos dio las zonas que se necesita y ambientes que pueden satisfacer a los usuarios, siempre pensado en la base educativa y cultural. Las ideas principales son la que crea la forma y su composición partiendo de la cultura Pakatnamu; una forma básica y regular con un espacio céntrico para el mejor flujo del usuario dentro de la propuesta, la composición se basa en crear niveles con formas dinámicas, el nivel del sótano, con el juego de desniveles para ganar mayor espacio, luego el primer piso, con el juego también de desniveles y el patio central permitiendo crear un ambiente que origine una buena iluminación y ventilación, pero se debe considerar que el marco teórico es Espacio públicos, donde se relaciona el parque La Paz con el proyecto por medio de una planta en forma de “U”, orientada al parque, del segundo piso, se hace referencia del primero, ósea que las zonas de trabajo de su distribución se diseñe de manera vertical, creando espacios de doble altura y por último el tercer piso, con espacio relacionados al segundo relacionados a través de espacio y circulaciones verticales. De la composición volumétrica en resumen es compacta, pero con la relación de volúmenes crea una dinámica y resuelve a su vez el aspecto de fachadas quedando como resultado que el proyecto sea amigable al contexto y pueda satisfacer a la población al que se va dirigida el proyecto.The thesis project stems from the idea of the need of the population by a Common Services project; As indicated by the National Building Regulations, this project is carried out with the purpose of satisfying the population with complementary education such as dance, crafts or music to encourage the youth population to a formation. The project began from a theoretical framework of public spaces; where the purpose is to design a project that responds to the need and that the theory is fulfilled. After having the points thought; we located the project in the Province of Pacasmayo, District of Guadalupe, to establish in a land already defined by the municipality; these accounts with the parameters to be able to design; Then they thought about the shape, its volumetric composition and spaces. The idea of the zones was first raised, which as a result of a situational diagnosis; He gave us the areas that are needed and environments that can satisfy the users, always thinking of the educational and cultural base. The main ideas are the one that creates the form and its composition based on the Pakatnamu culture; A basic and regular way with a central space for the best flow of the user within the proposal, the composition is based on creating levels with dynamic shapes, the basement level, with the game of unevenness to gain more space, then the first floor , with the game also of unevenness and the central patio allowing to create an environment that originates good lighting and ventilation, but it should be considered that the theoretical framework is Public space, where the La Paz park is related to the project through a plant U-shaped, oriented to the park, on the second floor, reference is made to the first one, so that the work areas of its distribution are designed vertically, creating double-height spaces and finally the third floor, with space related to the second related through space and vertical circulations. The volumetric composition in summary is compact, but with the relationship of volumes it creates a dynamic and resolves the appearance of facades, resulting in the project being context friendly and satisfying the population to which the project is directed.Tesi

PERMEABILIDAD DENTINARIA

Se entiende por permeabilidad dentinaria a la capacidad de difusión y/o transporte de fluidos y solutos a través del sistema canalicular comunicante.Se entiende por permeabilidad dentinaria a la capacidad de difusión y/o transporte de fluidos y solutos a través del sistema canalicular comunicante

Propaganda institucional y régimen electoral : una aproximación desde el estudio de casos

En este trabajo se trata de mostrar la validez del tratamiento del caso para obtener conceptos correctos en el análisis jurídico. Concretamente, del caso de la campaña de información del INSS sobre la revalorización de las pensiones se extraen conclusiones sobre la propaganda electoral institucional.In this work one is to show the validity of the treatment of the case to obtain correct concepts in the legal analysis. Concretaly, of the case of the campaign of information of the INSS on the revaluation of the pensions conclusions are extracted on institutional the electoral advertiding